3. Northern Ireland in the 70s Flashcards

1
Q

When was Internment introducted?

A

August 1971

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2
Q

What was internment and its aims?

A
  • Arresting suspected troublemakers and holding them without trail
  • it’s aim was to remove troublemakers from their communities and reduce sectarian tensions
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3
Q

Results of internment?

A
  • Did opposite of aim
  • alienated Catholic pop and made them feel persecuted.
  • Increased tension between London and Dublin govs.
  • Broke the cross-party agreement in House of Commons - opposed by many Labour MP’s, veiwed it as ethical and wrong.
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4
Q

Bloody Sunday date

A

30th Jan 1972

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5
Q

Bloody Sunday events

A

British soldiers opened fire on a civil rights march against Internment in the Bogside, Londonderry

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6
Q

Bloody Sunday casulties and injuries

A

13 unarmed civvilians killed + 13 injuried.

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7
Q

Bloody Sunday Inquirey

A
  • By Lord Widgery - blamed shots that had been fired at the British Army for the casulties.
  • Published may ‘72, condemned by Irish republicans as a ‘white wash’.
  • SO, the British embassy in Dublin was burned down + Support for the IRA grew and they were able to raise funds in the USA.
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8
Q

1972 deaths, explosions and shooting incidents

A

Deaths = 480
Explosions = 1,382
Shooting incidents = 10,628

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9
Q

Martin McGuiness

A
  • Member of Provisional IRA in early 70s, claims to have left in 1974.
  • Elected as MP for Sinn Fein in ‘97 but didnt tke his seat.
  • Sinn Fein’s cheif negotiator at talks that led to good friday agreement 1998.
  • Later became deputy first minister in devolved Northen Ireland Assembly after 2007.
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10
Q

John Hume

A
  • Involved in Irish civil rights movement in 60s.
  • Co-founded Social Democratic Labour Party (SDLP), became leader 1979.
  • Worked w/ Sinn Fein to bring about IRA ceasefires in 90s + brining him and British gov together to talk.
  • Won nobel peace prize for Good friday agreement involvement.
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11
Q

Ian Paisley

A
  • Led loyalist opposition to Catholic civil rights movement in 60s + involved in setting up loyalist orgs.
  • Evangelical Protestant, outspokenly criticised Catholics.
  • Famously denouned the Pope as Antichrist.
  • Formed Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) 1971
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12
Q

Unionist and loyalist parties:

A
  • Ulster Unionist Party (UUP)
  • Democratic Unionist Party (DUP)
  • Allience
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13
Q

Naionalist and republican parties

A
  • Social Democratic Labour Party (SDLP)
  • SInn Fein (radical, IRA)
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14
Q

What was direct rule?

A

Northern Ireland to be ruled from London rather than having its own separate parliment.

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15
Q

When was direct rule introduced?

A
  • March 1972
  • after he suspended the Stormont parliament.
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16
Q

under direct rule, who was appointed secretary of state?

A

Willie Whitelaw

17
Q

What with Heaths aim for direct rule?

A

To try defeat the IRA but also look for a permenant political solution that would ensure peace.

18
Q

direct rule problems?

A

Problems arise due to the differences between the two parties and their difference in political ideology (it was hard to negotiate and come to an agreement).

19
Q

Protestant fears:

A
  • Afraid they’ll lose their privileges.
  • Worried it will lead to Nationalist victory (through compromise)
  • The British Army’s presence - hostility towards the Army, Bloody Sunday= less likely to comply with Whitelaw
  • Direct Rule itself = unfamiliar and unelected leaders people of Ireland against it.
20
Q

Who came up with the Sunningdale agreement? Backed by?

A

Whitelaw and Heath
Backed by Westminister, Dublin, SDLP and UUP
1973

21
Q

What did the Sunningdale agreement propose?

A
  • power sharing executive of both nationalists and unionists - both garenteed representation.
  • new NI Assembly elected under system of propertional representation.
  • Council of Ireland that would have some ipput from the Republic of Ireland.
22
Q

Who denounced and opposed the Sunningdale agreement?

A

Denounced = republicand + loyalists
Opposed = UVF + UDA
UUP voted to pull out Jan 1974

23
Q

Failures of Sunningdale agreement?

A
  • prospects of settlement further undermined by miners strike + 74 election.
  • the parties which opposed put up a single candidate in each constituency.
  • pro-Sunningale voters were spilt.
  • 11/12 constituencies returned candidates that opposed the agreement.
  • Concern about the agreement meant tory party couldn’t reply on UUP suppoirt thus preventing them from continuing in government.
24
Q

Events in NI troubles 74-79

14th may 1974

A

Ulster Workers Council strike = suported by Ian Paisley, UDA, UVF. Paramilitary org ensured strike was supoorted by unionists + at same time set off bombs in Republic of Ireland and attacked Catholic civillians.
* severly limited telecommunications and Britain decalred state of emergency.

25
Q

Sunningdale agreement context: UUP, DUP, SDLP, Sinn Fein.

A
  • UUP= traditionally always supported the conservatives—moderates
  • DUP= uncompromising, leader didn’t like the Catholics (Ian Paisley)
  • SDLP= tried to fight for civil rights for Catholics. Apposed violent riots (non-violent)
  • Sinn Fein= extreme Nationalists
26
Q

Events in NI troubles 74-79

17th May 1974

A

Loyalist car bombs kill 26 in Dublin and 7 in Monaghan.

27
Q

Events in NI troubles 74-79

28th may 1974

A

Sunningdale agreement collapses

28
Q

Events in NI troubles 74-79

Oct 1974

A

Guildford pub bomb kills 5

29
Q

Events in NI troubles 74-79

Nov 1974

A

Birmingham pub bomb kills 19

30
Q

Events in NI troubles 74-79

oct 1975

A

12 killed in NI in series of attacks by IVF

31
Q

Events in NI troubles 74-79

Oct 1976

A

Republic prisioners begin ‘blanket protest”

32
Q

Events in NI troubles 74-79

March 1979

A

Airey Neave, conservative spokesman on NI killed by IRA car bomb in HoC car park.

33
Q

Northen ireland constitution assmebly

A

Announced establishment by Wilson.
= an elected body that would determine the future of gov in NI.
* Electios in July 1975 = majority of unionists who were opposed to any power sharing.
* agreement w/ nationalists not possible.
* dissolved 1976.

34
Q

WHen and what did the removal of special status cateory mean?

A
  • 1976
  • for political prisonors
  • meant no longer cnsidered political prisioners byt would be treated as criminals
35
Q

Removal of special status cateory disliked by?

A

Parlimentaries = believed they were engaged in a war.

36
Q

“Blanket protests”

A
  • IRA prisoners were naked or wore only blanets as otherwise they would hav to wesr the criminal uniform.
  • Escalted to become ‘dirty protest’ 1978 = smeared excreetment on cell walls ‘slop out’ as alledged ill-treatment made them refuse to leave cells.
37
Q

Number of IRA prisoners taking part in these protests?

A

250 by 1979 + demands grew to regain political status.

38
Q

Catholic reactions of sunningdale treatment:

A
  • Catholics were aggrieved over:
  • Unemployment, which always affected them the most
  • The continued presence over the British Army
  • The slow progress in gaining their civil rights
  • The way the law seemed tilted against them e.g. Diplock Courts = riminal courts in Northern Ireland for non-jury trial of specified serious crimes