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Nervous System > 3) Neurones and Glia > Flashcards

3) Neurones and Glia Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of types of glia:

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

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2
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

Provide structural support and nutrition to neurons
Remove neurotransmitters
Maintain ionic environment (K+ buffering)
Help form BBB

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3
Q

How do neurones obtain metabolites for energy production?

A

Astrocytes store glycogen which they can metabolise to lactate and shuttle to neurones
Glucose directly

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4
Q

Describe the membrane potential of glial cells:

A

Very negative due to chloride ion permeability

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5
Q

What are the functions of microglia?

A

Phagocytosis and APC

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6
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

Limits diffusion of substances from blood to brain ECF, maintaining correct environment for neurones

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7
Q

What are the constituents of the blood brain barrier?

A

Brain capillaries, basement membrane and end feet of astrocyte processes

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8
Q

Describe how the CNS has immune specialisation:

A

Doesn’t undergo rapid rejection of allografts

Inhibits initiation of pro-inflammatory T cell response as skull cant tolerate volume expansion

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9
Q

What are the types of neurotransmitters found in the brain?

A

Amino acids
Biogenic amines and ACh
Peptides

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10
Q

What are some examples of amino acid neurotransmitters in the brain?

A

Glutamate, GABA and glycine

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11
Q

What are some examples of biogenic amine neurotransmitters in the brain?

A

Noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, histamine

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12
Q

What are some examples of peptide neurotransmitters in the brain?

A

Dynorphin, enkephalins, substance P, somatostatin, CCK, neuropeptide Y

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13
Q

What are the two types of glutamate receptors?

A

Ionotropic and metabotropic

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14
Q

Describe ionotropic glutamate receptors:

A

AMPA, kainate and NMDA - all Na+ and K+ permeable

Cause depolarisation and increased excitability

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15
Q

Describe metabotropic glutamate receptors:

A

G proteins - linked to changes on IP3 and Ca2+ mobilisation or inhibition of adenylate cyclase and decreased cAMP

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16
Q

Describe how glutamate receptors have a role in learning and memory:

A

Strong, high frequency stimulation causes long term potentiation - stronger synapses and higher responses

17
Q

Why can damage after stroke be dangerous to neurones?

A

Damaged area with depolarised cells which allows Ca2+ to enter cells and at high concentrations this is excitotoxicity

18
Q

Where do GABA and glycine act in the CNS?

A

GABA in brain

Glycine in brainstem and spinal cord

19
Q

How do barbiturates and benzodiazepines act and what are their effects?

A

Bind to GABAa receptors and enhacne the response to GABA

Anxiolytic and sedative actions

20
Q

What are some cholinergic pathways in the CNS?

A

Originate in basal forebrain and nucelus basalis, project to cerebral cortex and hippocampus
Local interneurones in corpus striatum

21
Q

What are cholinergic neurones involved with?

A

Arousal, learning, memory and motor control

22
Q

In what disease is there degeneration of nucleus basalis?

A

Alzheimer’s

23
Q

What are some dopaminergic pathways in the CNS?

A

Nigrostriatal - motor control

Mesocortical and mesolimbic - mood, arousal, reward

24
Q

What is the cause of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurones in substiantia niagra

25
Q

What is the cause of schizophrenia?

A

Excess of dopamine

26
Q

Why is L-DOPA given in the treatment of Parkinson’s?

What is given alongside?

A

Can cross the BBB

Give carbidopa that inhibits aromatic AA decarboxyalse

27
Q

Where do noradrenaline containing neurones originate?

A

Locus coeruleus

28
Q

Why do amphetamines cause increased wakefulness?

A

Increase the release of NA and dopamine

29
Q

Where do serotonin containing neurones originate?

A

Raphe nucleus

30
Q

What are the functions of serotonergic neurones?

A

Sleep/wakefulness, mood

Nervous System (18 decks)

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