3. Networking and Communication Basics Flashcards by Dana Athena Augusto

is defined as two or more objects sharing resources and

information,

computer network

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A network can be classified into two major geographic categories:

local area network

LAN) and wide area network (WAN

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is a small area networked with a series of cables or wireless access points that allow computers to share information and devices
on the same network.

local area network (LAN)

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These are the least expensive to install, and they are much faster than WAN because of their smaller size

local area network (LAN)

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has the fastest communication technology because less equipment and fewer resources are needed to complete the network

local area network (LAN)

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The picture archival and communication system (PACS) workstations in a radiology reading room would be considered a ____

LAN

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Generally the larger networks are composed of several LANs interconnected to
create the ____

WANs

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is a network that spans a large area: city, state, nation, continent, or the world

wide area network (WAN)

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It is used to connect computers that are not physically attached through conventional network cables but are rather connected through other means, such as telephone lines, satellite links, or other types of communication cable

Wide Area Network (WAN)

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each computer on the network is considered equal; no computer has ultimate control over another. Each computer controls its own information and operation and can function either as a client or as a server depending
on the needs of the other computers on the network.

Peer-to-Peer Network

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is most popular in small office or home network configuration because it is the least expensive and most simple to set up

Peer-to-Peer Network

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has a limited scope because the maximum number of peers that should be connected is 10. More than 10 causes bottlenecks and collisions on the network.

Peer-to-Peer Network

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there is a centralized computer that controls the operations, files, and sometimes the programs of the computers (the clients) attached to the network.

Server-Based Network

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is similar to a server-based network in that there is a

centralized computer that controls the operations of the network

client-based network

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rather than sending the entire original resource to the client for processing, the server processes the resource as requested by the client and returns only the results back to the
client

client-based network

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is a computer that manages resources for other computers, servers, and
networked devices

server

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It may also house applications, provide storage for files, or manage various other networked tasks.

server

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is most often dedicated to one task for the

network and is usually the most robust computer on the network.

server

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is a device that is found on a network that requests services and
resources from a server

thin-client

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may be another computer, a printer, or any other networkable device that needs a server to complete its tasks

thin-client

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Almost any personal

computer (PC) can be a ____, as long as it can be attached to the network.

client

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is a computer that can work independently of the network and
process and manage its own files

thick-client

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is networked so that it can share resources such as printing and take advantage of the additional security available on
networks through dedicated servers

thick-client

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is generally a high-end computer

that does high-level processing for specific purposes

thick-client

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In health care, specialty application workstations (____) are most often found in cross-sectional imaging modalities for which three-dimensional imaging is used to aid diagnosis.

thick-client

is similar to the wiring used for the cable television | that is run into a house

Coaxial cable

This type of cable consists of a center conducting wire surrounded by insulation and then a grounded shield of braided wire.

Coaxial cable

is the sturdiest wire | used and is often found in the network infrastructure throughout a building.

Coaxial cable

It is often connected to another type of communication medium before it meets the device interface.

Coaxial cable

is similar to telephone wire, but whereas telephone wire has only four wires, it usually consists of four twisted pairs of copper wire that are insulated and bundled together with an RJ-45 termination

Twisted-pair wire

comes in various levels of quality and capacity

Twisted-pair wire

It is the most commonly used | connection medium in LANs

Twisted-pair wire

The minimum standard of twister-pair wire is

Cat 5 (category 5) cable

uses glass threads to transmit data on the network

Fiberoptic cable

It consists of a fiberoptic core that is surrounded by a plastic protective covering

Fiberoptic cable

It is much faster than its metal counterparts, but it is more expensive and much more fragile. It can easily be damaged by kinking and twisting the cable

Fiberoptic cable

It is most often used in the infrastructure of the network, in network closets, and in large archive/computer rooms

Fiberoptic cable

are becoming more commonplace as technology continues to improve

Wireless connections

The connection is made by using either infrared or radio | frequencies as its means of communication

Wireless connections

There is no physical cabling needed, but | each device must contain the appropriate wireless transmitter/receiver

Wireless connections

The biggest | advantage of wireless connections is ____ and _____, but it has a ____ range.

mobility, convenience, limited

Devices other than computers can also be found on a _______, such as printers, scanners, and barcode readers.

network

provides the interface between the | computer and the network medium; it provides the physical connection between the network and computer.

network interface card (NIC)

works with networking software to establish and manage the data, to chop up the data into packets, and to handle addressing issues.

network interface card (NIC)

is the simplest device that can be used to connect several pieces of equipment together for network communication purposes

Network Hub

It has several wiring ports | available on it to receive and transmit data to the various connected pieces of equipment.

Network Hub

are commonly used in small office and home applications

Hubs

is similar to a hub, but it sends data only to those devices to which the data are directed.

Network Switch

It will read the destination address from the data and select a direct path to the intended target.

Network Switch

This reduces the network traffic, speeds up the | overall network connection, and makes the network more efficient.

Network Switch

is sometimes created so that larger networks can be segmented or broken up into smaller networks to reduce traffic within that network.

Network Bridge

is a physical (wired) connection from | one network segment to another.

The bridge

It can recognize in which segment a particular destination address resides and send data to it.

The bridge

It can recognize in which segment a particular destination address resides and send data to it.

The bridge

is a more sophisticated device

Network Router

It can read portions of messages and direct them to their intended target, even if the device is on a separate network and uses a different network protocol.

Network Router

It also helps with segmenting the network to allow | access only for approved devices within that segment.

Network Router

Each computer on the network is assigned a ____ address.

unique

is a combination of a physical address from the computer’s hardware and a node address given by the network.

The address

smaller exchange of information cuts down the load on the network and allows more room for other requests

client-based network

One type of addressing is _________, | which is made up of four octets (groups of 8 bits) of numbers.

Internet protocol (IP) addressing

In the IP addressing, The numbers range | from __ to __

0 to 255

In the IP addressing, The first set of numbers indicates the _______, and the rest of the numbers tell other devices its _______.

network class, | exact location

The data travel along the network using an agreed-on set of rules known as a

network protocol

is a piece of the data with added information, such as the destination address, the source address, the sequence of the packets (e.g., 2 of 12), and whether there were any errors in transmission.

Packet

The protocol is delivered in layers of communication known as

protocol stacks

Typically a network communication model is explained using _____ layers (OSI Model).

seven

Layer 4: The transport layer makes sure data packets are sequenced correctly and that they do not contain errors. For example, the most common transportlayer protocol, the transmission control protocol (TCP), resides in layer 4 and manages the connection for the purpose of controlling the flow of the data packets. Layer 3: The network layer breaks up the data into frames and decides which network path the frame will take to its destination. For example, the IP mentioned above is concerned with sending the message to the correct address. Layer 2: The data link layer packages the data so that they can be transmitted over the physical layer. Ethernet is an example protocol that performs at layer 2 and layer 1 levels. Layer 1: The physical layer consists of the networking media and the components required to pass on a signal from one end of the network to the other. This is the layer that moves bits from one place to another.

We need to understand only the basic principles of network communication, so we will simplify the model and concentrate on the bottom four layers.

is the physical (geometric) layout of the connected devices on a network.

Topology

is a network in which all devices are physically attached to and listen for communication on a single wire

Bus

In a true bus network there is a single point | of failure, _______

the wire

is a full or standard computer which DOES not require processing from the server

Thick-client

is a lower processing power and heavily RELIES on the server

Thin-client

This type of topology does not need any switches or hubs because the computers simply broadcast all the information down the single wire, and all computers connected to that single wire receive the information

Bus

is a network in which the devices are connected in a circle

Ring

One type of ring topology is called a

token ring

The computers are connected in a | circle, and a token is transmitted around the ring

token ring

is a network that has the devices connected to a central hub or switch

Star

can be thought of as a bus topology with the bus collapsed into a central box: the hub or switch

Star

The data are sent through the hub out to the destination device

Star

This transmission of data may be through another hub or switch to an adjacent network or directly to the device

Star

This is the most commonly used network | topology

Star

is a network that has multiple pathways interconnecting devices and networks

Mesh

This type of network has redundancy built in with the multiple connections

Mesh

The Internet is based on this topology, and it is used most often to connect networks to other networks

Mesh

DICOM

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine

has become an almost universally accepted standard for exchanging medical images among networked medical devices

DICOM

is layered on top of TCP/IP, the most common | network communication standard used, and it has multiple layers like TCP/IP

DICOM

DICOM was developed by the

American College of Radiology (ACR) and the | National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

ACR

American College of Radiology

NEMA

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

The first version of DICOM was completed in ____, addressing only point-to-point connections between devices.

1985

DICOM (3.0) was better than its predecessors for several reasons:

-It required a communications protocol that runs on top of TCP/IP (or other standardized protocol stack), permitting the devices to make use of commercial hardware and software. -It required strict contents of the image “header” and the structure of the pixel data itself for each type of modality, therefore improving INTEROPERABILITY. -It required a conformance system, so that a user could determine from the vendor’s documentation whether the devices would operate together. -It embraced an open standard of development between the vendors and users to come to consensus on the direction of the standards

is maintained on a continuous basis and is published periodically

The standard (DICOM)

defines so-called service classes or functions that a device can perform on a defined information object (like a CT image)

DICOM standard

is made up of 16 different parts ranging from image display to media storage

DICOM standard

known as RJ-45 jack

Twisted-pair wire

are commonly referred to as roles

SCU and SCP

SCU

Service Class User

SCP

Service Class Provider

The most common service classes | seen in modalities and PACS are:

- Image storage - Query/retrieval - Print - Modality worklist - Modality performed procedure - Storage commitment - Interchange media storage

The 16 parts of the DICOM Standard 3.1 (2004)

Part 1 Introduction and overview Part 2 Conformance Part 3 Information object definitions Part 4 Service class specifications Part 5 Data structures and encoding Part 6 Data dictionary Part 7 Message exchange Part 8 Network communication support for message exchange Part 9 Media storage and file format for media interchange Part 10 Media storage application profiles Part 11 Media formats and physical media for media interchange Part 12 Grayscale standard display function Part 13 Security and system management profiles Part 14 Content mapping resource Part 15 Explanatory information Part 16 Web access to DICOM-persistent objects (WADO)

uses unique identifiers (UIDs) to globally identify each image set, so that if the images are sent to multiple systems, the identifying number will remain unique and not get confused with those images on other systems

DICOM

also provides a framework for the use of compression technologies on image data

DICOM

``` is an American National Standards Institute (ANSI)–accredited Standards Developing Organization (SDO) ```

HL-7

It is used in most health care applications such as medical devices, imaging, insurance, and pharmacy

HL-7

oversees most clinical and administrative | data such as demographics, reports, claims, and orders

HL-7

As with DICOM, ____ is | composed of many parts and is used at many levels within various hospital systems

HL-7

It is the standard generally used in communication between the hospital information system (HIS) and the radiology information system (RIS)

HL-7

holds the | patient’s full medical information, from hospital billing to the inpatient ordering system

hospital information | system (HIS)

holds all radiology-specific patient data, from the patient scheduling information to the radiologist’s dictated and transcribed report

radiology information system (RIS)

is either a part of the HIS or runs along with it and contains all of the patient’s record, including lab results, radiology reports, pathology results, and nurses’ and doctors’ notes

electronic medical record (EMR)

has recently come to the forefront of information technology.

electronic medical record (EMR)

interfaces with most of the ancillary service systems to retrieve reports so that they can be viewed in this one common format.

EMR

Most modalities manufacture today are

DICOM conformant

When it receives data from a device, it generally sends those data to all devices connected to it. It does not know what the data are, nor to which device they should go, so it simply forwards the bits.

Network Hub

computers, terminals, and servers that are interconnected by communication channels sharing data and program resources

computer network

MAN

Metropolitan Area Network

TAN

Tiny Area Network

CAN

Controller Area Network

Wireless connections that are costly and have the highest speed equipment

WAN