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BMS 191 > 3. Microbiology > Flashcards

3. Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Microbes

A

Living organisms and non-living entities

So small, can only be viewed with the aid of various microscopes.

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2
Q

3 main roles of microbes

A
  1. Affect human health
  2. Essential for life on this planet - produce oxygen
  3. Antibiotic production
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3
Q

Other roles of microbes

A

Genetic engineering
Food production
Decomposition of dead organisms

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4
Q

2 main categories of microbes

A
  1. Cellular - prokaryotes, eukaryotes

2. Acellular - require other living cells to reproduce, contain no cells

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5
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease causing microorganisms (aka infectious agents)

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6
Q

Non - pathogens

A

Microbes that do not cause disease

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7
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

Pathogens that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available. e.g a host with a weakened immune system.
Thrush

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8
Q

Infectious disease

A

Disease caused by a pathogenic microorganism

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9
Q

Acellular microbe

A

Microbes that need to invade other cells to replicate or perform physiological functions

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10
Q

Viroids

A

Infectious particles that consist of short pieces of RNA that interfere with the function of plant cells

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11
Q

Prions

A

Infectious particles that consist of small proteins that can cause neurological conditions.

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12
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Viruses that infect bacteria

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13
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites

A

Capable of growing and reproducing inside the cells of a host

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14
Q

Why is it difficult to design anti-virus drugs?

A

Because it is hard to kill the virus without killing the host cell

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15
Q

Cellular microbes

A

Can be divided into prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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16
Q

2 main categories of cellular microbes

A
  1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

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17
Q

Plasma membrane function (prokaryotic microbes)

A

Encloses all contents of the cell

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18
Q

Plasmid (prokaryotic microbes)

A

gene carrying, circular DNA structure

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19
Q

Cytoplasm (prokaryotic microbes)

A

Contains water, salts, enzymes, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,
gel like substance

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20
Q

Cell wall (prokaryotic microbes)

A

Provides strength and protein for the cell wall

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21
Q

Ribosomes (prokaryotic microbes)

A

Responsible for protein production

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22
Q

Structure of Gram-positive bacteria

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan on the wall outside of the surface of the cell wall

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23
Q

Structure of gram-negative bacteria

A

Thinner layer of peptidoglycan

sandwiched between layers of other complex molecules

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24
Q

Endospores

A

Thick walled structure

contains a copy of the chromosome and some of the cytoplasm

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25
Q

Advantage of endospores

A

Allow bacteria to survive in adverse conditions

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26
Q

Binary fission

A

When prokaryotic cells produce

Produces two new cells

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27
Q

Rickettsias

A

Gram-negative bacteria
Obligate intracellular pathogen
e.g Rocky Mountain spotted fever

28
Q

Chlamydias

A

gram-negative bacteria
Obligate intracellular pathogen
e.g chlamydia

29
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

Smallest of the cellular microbes

Do not possess a cell wall

30
Q

Ecology

A

Examines relations of organisms between one another and the environment

31
Q

Symbiosis

A

The living together of dissimilar organisms. e.g individuals of two different species living close together

32
Q

Symbionts

A

Organisms involved in the symbiotic relationship

33
Q

3 types of symbiotic relationship

A
  1. Commensalism
  2. Mutualism
  3. Parasitism
34
Q

Commensalism (anything is fine)

A

One species derives benefit from the association, but the relationship is neither beneficial of harmful to the other

35
Q

Mutualism (win - win)

A

Both symbionts derive benefit from the association

36
Q

Parasitism (win -lose)

A

Only one of the symbionts (the parasite) derives benefit, the other symbiont (host) is harmed

37
Q

Indigenous microflora

A

The microbes that live on or in the human body

38
Q

Functions of indigenous microflora

A

Synthesis of vitamins b and k
Stimulate the immune system
Inhibit invasion by growth of pathogenic microbes

39
Q

Biofilm

A

Complex communities of different microbes attached to a surface with a slime layer. e.g dental plaque

40
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of occurrence, spread, and control of disease

41
Q

Epidemiologists

A

Study the factors that determine the frequency, distribution and causes of human disease

42
Q

Communicable disease

A

Any infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another

43
Q

Contagious disease

A

Any infectious disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another. e.g corona virus

44
Q

Zoonotic disease

A

An infectious disease that humans catch from animals. e.g mosquitos - malaria

45
Q

Measures of epidemiology

A

Incidence
Morbidity rate
Mortality rate

46
Q

Sporadic disease

A

A disease that occurs only occasionally within a population of a specific geographical area

47
Q

Endemic disease (local)

A

A disease that is always present at some level within a population of a specific geographical area

48
Q

Epidemic (national)

A

A disease that is occurring greater than usual numbers within a specific geographical are

49
Q

Pandemic (global)

A

A disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries at the same time. e.g corona virus

50
Q

Principle modes of infectious disease transmission

A 
Contact (direct or indirect)
Droplet
Airborne
Vehicular
Vector
51
Q

Healthcare associated infections (HAI’s)

A

Infections that are acquired within hospitals or other healthcare facilities

52
Q

Community acquired infections

A

Infections that are acquired outside a healthcare facility. e.g influenza

53
Q

Factors that affect growth of microbes

A

Availability of nutrients
Moisture
Temperature
pH

54
Q

Generation time

A

The time it takes for one cell to divide into two cells

55
Q

Selective media

A

A media that distinguishes the growth of some organisms while not affecting the growth of other organisms.

56
Q

Differential media

A

A media that allows you to differentiate between different types of organisms that are all growing on the media

57
Q

Sterilisation

A

The destruction/elimination of all microbes

58
Q

Disinfection

A

The elimination of most or all pathogens (except endospores) from non-living objects

59
Q

Sanitisation

A

The reduction of microbial populations to levels that are considered safe by public health standards.

60
Q

Disinfectants

A

Chemicals that are used to kill microbes on inanimate objects

61
Q

Antiseptics

A

Chemicals that are used to disinfect skin and other living tissue

62
Q

Microbicidal agents

A

Chemicals such as disinfectants and antiseptics, that kill microbes

63
Q

Microbiostatic agents

A

Substances that inhibit the growth of microbes but do not necessarily kill them

64
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Slows the growth. e.g fridge

65
Q

Bactericidal

A

Inhibits growth. e.g freezer

66
Q

Sepsis

A

The presence of pathogens in the blood or tissues

67
Q

Asepsis

A

the absence of pathogens

BMS 191 (3 decks)

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