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BMS 191 > 3. Microbiology > Flashcards

3. Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Microbes

A

Living organisms and non-living entities

So small, can only be viewed with the aid of various microscopes.

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2
Q

3 main roles of microbes

A
  1. Affect human health
  2. Essential for life on this planet - produce oxygen
  3. Antibiotic production
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3
Q

Other roles of microbes

A

Genetic engineering
Food production
Decomposition of dead organisms

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4
Q

2 main categories of microbes

A
  1. Cellular - prokaryotes, eukaryotes

2. Acellular - require other living cells to reproduce, contain no cells

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5
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease causing microorganisms (aka infectious agents)

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6
Q

Non - pathogens

A

Microbes that do not cause disease

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7
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

Pathogens that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available. e.g a host with a weakened immune system.
Thrush

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8
Q

Infectious disease

A

Disease caused by a pathogenic microorganism

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9
Q

Acellular microbe

A

Microbes that need to invade other cells to replicate or perform physiological functions

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10
Q

Viroids

A

Infectious particles that consist of short pieces of RNA that interfere with the function of plant cells

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11
Q

Prions

A

Infectious particles that consist of small proteins that can cause neurological conditions.

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12
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Viruses that infect bacteria

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13
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites

A

Capable of growing and reproducing inside the cells of a host

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14
Q

Why is it difficult to design anti-virus drugs?

A

Because it is hard to kill the virus without killing the host cell

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15
Q

Cellular microbes

A

Can be divided into prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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16
Q

2 main categories of cellular microbes

A
  1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

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17
Q

Plasma membrane function (prokaryotic microbes)

A

Encloses all contents of the cell

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18
Q

Plasmid (prokaryotic microbes)

A

gene carrying, circular DNA structure

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19
Q

Cytoplasm (prokaryotic microbes)

A

Contains water, salts, enzymes, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,
gel like substance

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20
Q

Cell wall (prokaryotic microbes)

A

Provides strength and protein for the cell wall

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21
Q

Ribosomes (prokaryotic microbes)

A

Responsible for protein production

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22
Q

Structure of Gram-positive bacteria

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan on the wall outside of the surface of the cell wall

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23
Q

Structure of gram-negative bacteria

A

Thinner layer of peptidoglycan

sandwiched between layers of other complex molecules

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24
Q

Endospores

A

Thick walled structure

contains a copy of the chromosome and some of the cytoplasm

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25
Advantage of endospores
Allow bacteria to survive in adverse conditions
26
Binary fission
When prokaryotic cells produce | Produces two new cells
27
Rickettsias
Gram-negative bacteria Obligate intracellular pathogen e.g Rocky Mountain spotted fever
28
Chlamydias
gram-negative bacteria Obligate intracellular pathogen e.g chlamydia
29
Mycoplasmas
Smallest of the cellular microbes | Do not possess a cell wall
30
Ecology
Examines relations of organisms between one another and the environment
31
Symbiosis
The living together of dissimilar organisms. e.g individuals of two different species living close together
32
Symbionts
Organisms involved in the symbiotic relationship
33
3 types of symbiotic relationship
1. Commensalism 2. Mutualism 3. Parasitism
34
Commensalism (anything is fine)
One species derives benefit from the association, but the relationship is neither beneficial of harmful to the other
35
Mutualism (win - win)
Both symbionts derive benefit from the association
36
Parasitism (win -lose)
Only one of the symbionts (the parasite) derives benefit, the other symbiont (host) is harmed
37
Indigenous microflora
The microbes that live on or in the human body
38
Functions of indigenous microflora
Synthesis of vitamins b and k Stimulate the immune system Inhibit invasion by growth of pathogenic microbes
39
Biofilm
Complex communities of different microbes attached to a surface with a slime layer. e.g dental plaque
40
Epidemiology
The study of occurrence, spread, and control of disease
41
Epidemiologists
Study the factors that determine the frequency, distribution and causes of human disease
42
Communicable disease
Any infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another
43
Contagious disease
Any infectious disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another. e.g corona virus
44
Zoonotic disease
An infectious disease that humans catch from animals. e.g mosquitos - malaria
45
Measures of epidemiology
Incidence Morbidity rate Mortality rate
46
Sporadic disease
A disease that occurs only occasionally within a population of a specific geographical area
47
Endemic disease (local)
A disease that is always present at some level within a population of a specific geographical area
48
Epidemic (national)
A disease that is occurring greater than usual numbers within a specific geographical are
49
Pandemic (global)
A disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries at the same time. e.g corona virus
50
Principle modes of infectious disease transmission
``` Contact (direct or indirect) Droplet Airborne Vehicular Vector ```
51
Healthcare associated infections (HAI's)
Infections that are acquired within hospitals or other healthcare facilities
52
Community acquired infections
Infections that are acquired outside a healthcare facility. e.g influenza
53
Factors that affect growth of microbes
Availability of nutrients Moisture Temperature pH
54
Generation time
The time it takes for one cell to divide into two cells
55
Selective media
A media that distinguishes the growth of some organisms while not affecting the growth of other organisms.
56
Differential media
A media that allows you to differentiate between different types of organisms that are all growing on the media
57
Sterilisation
The destruction/elimination of all microbes
58
Disinfection
The elimination of most or all pathogens (except endospores) from non-living objects
59
Sanitisation
The reduction of microbial populations to levels that are considered safe by public health standards.
60
Disinfectants
Chemicals that are used to kill microbes on inanimate objects
61
Antiseptics
Chemicals that are used to disinfect skin and other living tissue
62
Microbicidal agents
Chemicals such as disinfectants and antiseptics, that kill microbes
63
Microbiostatic agents
Substances that inhibit the growth of microbes but do not necessarily kill them
64
Bacteriostatic
Slows the growth. e.g fridge
65
Bactericidal
Inhibits growth. e.g freezer
66
Sepsis
The presence of pathogens in the blood or tissues
67
Asepsis
the absence of pathogens

BMS 191 (3 decks)

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