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MCBM Exam 1 > 3 - Metabolism and Nutrition > Flashcards

3 - Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 diseases are lifestyle related

A

(1) Heart disease (2) Malignant Neoplasms (3) Stroke (4) DM

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2
Q

Macronutrients are

A

Oxidation for energy

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3
Q

What are the functions of vitamins

A

(1) Enzyme cofactors (2) Antioxidants (3) Ligands for hormone receptors (4) other functions

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4
Q

What are the functions of mineral and trace elements

A

bone mineralization, muscle contraction
regulation of pH, cofactors for proteins
and enzymes cellular transport & others

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5
Q

What are the components of Carbohydrates

A

Mono-, di-, polysaccharides,

Fiber (non-digestible =>no energy yield)

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6
Q

What are the components of Protein

A

Aminoacids

essential & non-essential

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7
Q

What are the components of Fat

A

Saturated,
Unsaturated,
Monounsaturated soluble vitamins
Polyunsaturated (n-3 & n-6; essential FAs)

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8
Q

What are the functions of Carbohydrates

A

Energy production

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9
Q

What are the functions of Protein

A

1) Protein synthesis
2) Carbons for glucose
synthesis

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10
Q

What are the functions of Fat

A

1) Energy production
2) Absorption of fat
3) Prostaglandin synthesis
4) Components of cell membrane

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11
Q

What is the AMDR of Fat

A

20 - 35

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12
Q

What is the AMDR of Carbohydrates

A

45 - 65

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13
Q

What is the AMDR of Protein

A

10 - 35

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14
Q

Fiber reduces the risks of

A

(1) Diverticulitis (2) Colon CA (3) Cardiovascular Disease

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15
Q

What is supposed to be the intake of fiber

A

25 g/day females & 38 g/day males

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16
Q

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

A

average daily intake adequate for 50% of

the healthy individuals in specific life stage and gender group

17
Q

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

A

average daily intake adequate for 97% of

individuals in specific life stage and gender group

18
Q

Adequate Intake (AI)

A

estimated range of intake when RDA or EAR cannot be

established due to insufficient scientific evidence

19
Q

Tolerable Upper Level Intake (UL)

A

highest average daily intake with no adverse

effects to almost no individuals (supplements & fortified foods)

20
Q

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) is the

A

energy expenditure of resting, post-absorptive individual over 24 hr period

21
Q

What affects RMR

A

age, gender, body temperature, thyroid function

22
Q

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) is

A

RMR + TEF + Physical Activity

23
Q

TEF

A

energy expenditure to process food

24
Q

For energy storage adipose tissue

A

Unlimited supply
More kcal/g stored
Lower water content

25
Q

For energy storage Muscle and Liver

A

24 hr supply
Fewer kcal/g stored
More hydrated

26
Q

What percentage of US People are obese

A

35.7%

27
Q

What percentage of children or adolescent are obese

A

16.9%

28
Q

Anabolism is

A

biosynthesis of macromolecules => Requires energy

29
Q

Catabolism is

A

degradation of dietary nutrients => Yields energy

30
Q

Energy-yielding reactions are

A

spontaneous, ΔG0 < 0

31
Q

Energy-requiring reactions are

A

non spontaneous, ΔG0 > 0

32
Q

How is metabolism regulated

A

1) Substrate availability & accessibility 2) Enzyme activity

33
Q

Allosteric regulation is

A

fast-acting & short-range communication

34
Q

Allosteric regulation allows

A 
enzymes/ pathways to respond to
intracellular signals (conditions within cell)
35
Q

Covalent modification is

A

fast-acting & long-range communication

36
Q

Covalent modification allows

A

cell to respond to extracellular signals (via kinases & phosphatases)

37
Q

Induction & repression are

A

slow-acting & long-range communication

38
Q

Induction & repression allow

A

cell to respond to extracellular signals

MCBM Exam 1 (6 decks)

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