3. Metabolism

Question 1

lipoprotein lipase

Answer 1

enzyme in the capillary wall catalyzing cleavage of fatty acids from lipids in lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL, etc.)

Question 2

polyuria

Answer 2

the excretion of an abnormally large quantity of urine

Question 3

polydipsia

Answer 3

excessive thirst and water consumption

Question 4

Direct calorimetry

Answer 4

measurement of heat actually produced by an organism confined in a sealed chamber or calorimeter

Question 5

Indirect calorimetry

Answer 5

estimation of the heat produced by an organism by measuring oxygen consumption and respiratory differences of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the inspired and expired air

Question 6

incretins

Answer 6

intestinal hormones increasing insulin secretion

Question 7

endogenous hyperglycemia

Answer 7

blood sugar level is abnormally high without carbohydrate consumption

Question 8

exogenous hyperglycemia

Answer 8

blood sugar level increases abnormally following carbohydrate consumption

Question 9

anabolism

Answer 9

a part of the intermediary metabolism, syntheses of materials, building up the organism’s own materials

Question 10

catabolism

Answer 10

part of the intermediary metabolism, breaking down the absorbed compounds (usually for producing or storing of energy)

Question 11

citric-acid cycle

Answer 11

(szentgyörgyi-Krebs cycle) - final break down of the two-carbonic compound acetyl group, that comes from either the glycolysis or the fatty-acid metabolism (beta-oxidation); the end-products are carbon-dioxide and reduced co-enzymes

Question 12

Cori-cycle

Answer 12

a procedure in which the lactic-acid produced in the muslces under anaerobic conditions is remetabolised to sugar in the liver on the expense of the break-down of its 1/3 amount.

Question 13

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 13

disease due to the lack or ineffectiveness of the insulin hormone; symptoms are sugar in the urine, excess urination and overdrinking, acetone in the saliva, metabolic disturbances, sometimes coma

Question 14

Pentose-phosphate cycle

Answer 14

an alternative route to the glycolysis in which 5 C-atom sugars (e.g. ribose etc.) are formed; NADPH, a co-enzyme necessary for fatty-acid synthesis is also produced here.

Question 15

fatty-acid synthesis

Answer 15

enzymatic production of long-chained fatty-acids from acetyl-Coenzyme-A (requires NADPH).

Question 16

glycogenic amino acids

Answer 16

amino acids that can enter into the sugar-metabolic pathways

Question 17

glyconeogenesis

Answer 17

a procedure in which the liver synthesizes “de nevo” sugars from lactic acids and amino acids (mainly from blood proteins)

Question 18

glycolysis

Answer 18

break down procedure of 6-C sugars into acetyl (-Coenzyme-A) group

Question 19

hyperglycemia

Answer 19

elevated blood-sugar level

Question 20

hypoglycemia

Answer 20

decreased blood-sugar level

Question 21

ketogenic-amino acids

Answer 21

amino-acids with ketone-like derivatives that cannot enter into the sugar-metabolism

Question 22

NAD- (and NADH)

Answer 22

Co-enzyme that binds hydrogen in the glycolysis and in the citric-acid cycle and carries it to the oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 23

Langerhans’ islets

Answer 23

hormone producing (endocrine) cell-groups of the pancreas

Question 24

lipolysis

Answer 24

breaking down neutral fats into fatty-acids and glycerol

Question 25

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 25

finale phase of the energy metabolism in the mithocondrion; hydrogen is moved from reduced co-enzymes (FADH2, NADH) to oxygen forming water, while released energy is stored in the form of ATP

Question 26

Respiratory quotient

Answer 26

the carbon dioxide output divided by the oxygen uptake