2. Digestion

Question 1

Absorption

Answer 1

Transport of the digested nutrients (amino-acids, sugars, fatty-acids) from the lumen of the intestine to the blood vessels across the intestinal wall.

Question 2

Amylases

Answer 2

enzymes that digest carbohydrates (in the saliva or pancreatic juice).

Question 3

Cardiac sphincter

Answer 3

Ring of muscles separating the esophagus from the stomach.

Question 4

CCK

Answer 4

Cholecystokinin - produced in the small intestine in response to lipids and proteins, it induces emptying of the gallbladder, increases enzyme production in the pancreas and inhibits emptying of the stomach.

Question 5

Chief cells

Answer 5

pepsinogen producing cells in the stomach

Question 6

Digestion

Answer 6

chemical break-down of the nutritive macromolecular polymers (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids) into oligomers, dimers and finally monomers.

Question 7

Endopeptidase

Answer 7

Protease that cuts internal peptide bonds in a peptid chain

Question 8

Exopeptidase

Answer 8

Protease that cuts amino acids from the end of peptide chains

Question 9

Fermentation

Answer 9

Anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, to simpler compounds usually by bacteria (e.g. fermentation of cellulose in the alimentary canal).

Question 10

Gastrin

Answer 10

Hormone produced in the stomach - increases HCI secretion.

Question 11

GIP

Answer 11

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic hormone - produced in the small intestine in response to carbohydrates. It induces insulin secretion and inhibits emptying of the stomach.

Question 12

Intrinsic factor

Answer 12

Protein secreted in the stomach, needed for the absorption of B12 vitamin (extrinsic factor)

Question 13

Lactose intolerance

Answer 13

Lactose contained by milk and some diary products is not metabolized in the gut due to lack of the enzyme lactase.

Question 14

Lipases

Answer 14

Enzymes in the pancreatic juice that digest lipids (fat)

Question 15

Lipogenesis

Answer 15

Synthesis of neutral fat from fatty-acids and glycerol.

Question 16

Mass peristalsis

Answer 16

A fast and powerful peristaltic wave in the large intestine initiated by the sudden distention of the (usually empty) duodenum (frequently results i defecation)

Question 17

Nucleases

Answer 17

enzymes digesting nucleic-acids (e.g. DNA, RNA).

Question 18

Parietal cells

Answer 18

HCI producing cells in the stomach

Question 19

Peristalsis

Answer 19

wormlike movement by which the alimentary canal or other tubular organs having both longitudinal and circular muscle fibers propel their contents

Question 20

Proteases

Answer 20

Enzymes digesting proteins and polypeptides

Question 21

Pyloric Sphincter

Answer 21

ring of muscles separating the stomach from the duodenum.

Question 22

Reflux

Answer 22

backward flow of stomach content into the esophagus due mainly to weakness of the cardiac sphincter

Question 23

Secretin

Answer 23

Produced in the small intestine in response to acid, it increases HCO3 production in the pancreas and inhibits emptying of the stomach.

Question 24

Villus, villi

Answer 24

Small, finger-like, vascular processes found densely packed on the inner wall of the gut increasing the absorptive surface.