3. Let's get physical!

Question 1

The World Health Organisation (2010) guidelines for physical activity recommend that adults aged between

Answer 1

18-64 years old should engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity each week or 75 minutes of high-intensity physical activity

Question 2

almost ____ of the adult Australian population are not meeting these guidelines

Answer 2

45 percent

Question 3

increased cardiovascular exercise and strength training has been found to significantly reduce

Answer 3

depressive symptoms (Paluska & Schwenk, 2000

Question 4

There is also evidence that physical exercise can help with symptoms of

Answer 4

anxiety, such that the effects appear to match those of meditation and relaxation.

Question 5

It also appears that acute anxiety responds better to physical activity

Answer 5

than chronic anxiety

Question 6

A meta-analysis of meta-analyses!) of 92 papers examining the effect of physical activity on depression and anxiety in non-clinical populations, Rebar et al. (2015) found a moderate effect of physical activity in reducing

Answer 6

depression and a small effect of physical activity in reducing anxiety.

Question 7

a recent longitudinal study by Hiles, Lamers, Milaneschi, and Penninx (2017) explored the potential bi-directional relationship between depression, anxiety, and physical activity and found that

Answer 7

there did appear to be a mutually reinforcing relationship

Question 8

The underlying mechanisms by which physical activity effects psychological well-being are

Answer 8

not well understood in the literature

Question 9

Wilson and Dishman (2015) conducted a meta-analysis on the role of personality traits in physical activity and found that

Answer 9

traits that lower extraversion and conscientiousness, as well as higher neuroticism, were associated with lower physical activity

Question 10

social-psychological explanations have argued that physical activity may improve psychological well-being through increasing

Answer 10

self-efficacy and/or resilience and strengthening social networks

Question 11

meta-analyses showing that greater levels of physical activity can reduce the risk of dementia by

Answer 11

28% and Alzheimer’s disease by 45%

Question 12

Within some countries, particularly in lower socioeconomic-status data-collection sites, research has shown a preference for

Answer 12

heavier bodies (Swami et al., 2010

Question 13

Eating disorders now appear to be rising in other world regions, such as

Answer 13

Asia and the Middle East, and among Hispanic and African Americans in North America

Question 14

internet trend referred to as “thinspiration” has given way to a newer trend of

Answer 14

“Fitsperation” where images of bodies and information are shared to motivate and inspire body image goals

Question 15

thinspiration

Answer 15

all about losing weight and the promotion of disordered eating

Question 16

fitspiration

Answer 16

aspires to promote healthy eating and exercise

Question 17

Studies have found that exposure to fitspiration can lead to

Answer 17

negative mood, body dissatisfaction, and lower appearance-based self-esteem

Question 18

Holland and Tiggermann (2017) found that women who regularly posted “fitspiration”were at greater risk for

Answer 18

eating disorders and compulsive exercise compared to those who regularly posted travel images

Question 19

Sherlock and Wagstaff (2018) found that viewing beauty and fitness images was associated with

Answer 19

decreased ratings of attractiveness in a sample of 129 women and further, that the magnitude of this decrease was associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction

Question 20

Considered collectively, it does appear that there is a negative relationship between both

Answer 20

thinspiration and fitspiration imagery in females and mental health