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Biology > 3. Infection and Response > Flashcards

3. Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that can cause disease.

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2
Q

Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease. Are these diseases classed as communicable or non-communicable diseases?

A

Communicable diseases.

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3
Q

Can pathogens can infect both animals and plants?

A

Yes.

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4
Q

Give three ways we can reduce the spread of infectious disease.

A
  1. Improved hygiene, such as washing hands and cleaning surfaces.
  2. Killing the vectors that carry pathogens.
  3. Vaccination.
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5
Q

Are viruses living organisms?

A

No

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6
Q

Are viruses made of cells?

A

No

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7
Q

How can measles be spread between people?

A

Via droplets in air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A
  1. Red skin rash.
  2. Fever (feeling hot and cold).
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9
Q

Which two ways can HIV be spread between people?

A
  1. Sexual contact
  2. Exchange of bodily fluids
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10
Q

What is the treatment for HIV/AIDS?

A

Antiretroviral drugs

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11
Q

What type of organism does Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) infect?

A

Plants

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12
Q

What is the main symptom of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?

A

Patches of the leaves get discoloured

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13
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) reduces the amount of photosynthesis that a plant can do. What are the consequences of this?

A
  1. The plant won’t be able to produce as many sugars.
  2. The plant won’t be able to grow as well.
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14
Q

Are bacteria unicellular (made of a single cell) or multicellular (made of many cells)?

A

Unicellular

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15
Q

Gonorrhoea is an STD transmitted by sexual contact (such as unprotected sex). What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A
  1. Pain when urinating.
  2. Yellow/green discharge from the vagina or penis.
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16
Q

What is the treatment for gonorrhoea?

A

Antibiotics such as penicillin

17
Q

Are fungi unicellular, multicellular, or can they be either?

A

Can be either

18
Q

How does skin help to defend against disease?

A
  1. It covers the body, physically preventing pathogens from entering.
  2. It secretes oils and antimicrobial substances that kill pathogens.
19
Q

The nose has hairs inside it that act as a physical barrier to pathogens. What are the hairs in the nose coated with to catch pathogens?

A

Mucus.

20
Q

The cells that line the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles have tiny hair-like projections that waft the mucus and pathogens away from the lungs.
What are these structures called?

A

Cilia.

21
Q

What substance does the stomach produce to kill pathogens?

A

Hydrochloric acid

22
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A

To locate and destroy pathogens that enter the body.

23
Q

What are the functions of white blood cells?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Produce antitoxins
  3. Produce antibodies
24
Q

What do antitoxins do?

A

Bind and neutralise the toxins produced by bacteria

25
Q

What does a vaccine contain?

A

Small quantities of dead, weakened, or inactive forms of a pathogen

26
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

They expose us to the antigens of a pathogen so that we can develop immunity to it.

27
Q

What are the potential drawbacks of vaccines?

A
  1. They can cause mild symptoms such as fever or a sore arm
  2. They don’t always give full immunity to the disease
  3. They can (in rare cases) cause severe reactions such as seizures.
28
Q

Do painkillers help to cure the underlying disease?

A

No

29
Q

Which type(s) of organisms can antibiotics kill?

A

Bacteria.

30
Q

What could help reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance?

A
  1. Patients taking antibiotics for the full prescribed course.
  2. Doctors only prescribing antibiotics for serious bacterial infections.
31
Q

How do antibiotics help to cure bacterial infections?

A

They directly kill bacteria cells.

32
Q

What does the term ‘efficacy’ mean?

A

How well a drug produces the desired effect.

33
Q

What does the term ‘toxicity’ mean?

A

How harmful a drug is e.g. how many side effects

34
Q

What does the term ‘dosage’ mean?

A

How much of the drug is required to give the desired effect.

35
Q

Why is it important that new medicinal drugs undergo testing before they are used?

A
  1. To make sure they are an effective treatment.
  2. To determine the optimum dose
  3. To make sure they are safe to use.
36
Q

In a double blind trial, who knows who is given the trial drug, and who is given the placebo?

A

Only the researcher

37
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A substance or treatment that contains no active drug.

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