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Biology > 1. Cell Biology > Flashcards

1. Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

Plants and Animals

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains the cell’s genetic material (in the form of DNA) and controls the cell’s activities.

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3
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

To make proteins (protein synthesis).

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4
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

A jelly-like material containing nutrients and salts, where chemical reactions happen.

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5
Q

What is the role of mitochondria?

A

Aerobic Respiration and releases energy for the cell to use.

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6
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

A large sac in the middle of the plant cell that contains a watery solution of sugars and salts (cell sap). It helps maintain the structure and shape of the cell.

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7
Q

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

A

A Bacteria Cell.

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8
Q

What are the organelles in a bacteria cell?

A

Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Murein Cell Wall, Cell Capsule, Nucleoid, Plasmid(s), Flagellum.

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9
Q

What is Magnification?

A

How many times larger the image is than the object.

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10
Q

What is resolution?

A

How detailed the image is i.e The more detailed = higher resolution.

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11
Q

What type of microscope is cheaper to buy?

A

Light Microscope

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12
Q

What type of microscope has a better resolution?

A

Electron Microscope

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13
Q

How many micrometres are there in a millimetre?

A

1000

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14
Q

How many nanometres are there in a micrometre?

A

1000

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15
Q

What are three reasons why new cells are required?

A

Growth, Development and Repair.

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16
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The series of steps that take place as the cell grows and then divides.

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17
Q

Are the cells created by mitosis genetically identical to each other, or genetically different?

A

Genetically Identical.

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18
Q

What do we commonly call the cells produced by mitosis?

A

Daughter Cells.

19
Q

Name the two types of stem cells found in animals?

A

Adult Stem Cells, Embryonic Stem Cells.

20
Q

Can adult stem cells divide by mitosis?

A

Yes.

21
Q

Can adult stem cells differentiate into all types of specialised cell?

A

No.

22
Q

What is the stage before mitosis in the cell cycle?

A

A period of growth, DNA is checked for errors.

23
Q

What is a gene?

A

A short section of DNA that are codes for a protein. It is estimated that there are around 20000 to 25000 genes that code for proteins.

24
Q

Why are meristematic cells grown in a sterile culture medium?

A

To avoid the growth of microorganisms.

25
Q

What are guard cells in plants specialised to do?

A

Open and close to let carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis.

26
Q

What is the role of specialised cells in the excretory system?

A

Remove waste products and regulate the water contents of the body.

27
Q

What is an ethical consideration about the use of embryonic stem cells?

A

In some cases embryos are being produced just so that stem cells are extracted for research on therapies.

28
Q

Where do plant stems cells occur?

A

In the meristems.

29
Q

What will happen if a spray of perfume is released into one corner of a room?

A

Particles of the perfume will diffuse until they are spread evenly through the room.

30
Q

What happens to red blood cells if they are placed in water?

A

They swell up and burst.

31
Q

What is diffusion?

A

When substances move down their concentration gradient from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration. A passive process.

32
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. An active process (requires energy from the cell). Always takes place across a membrane.

33
Q

Where do plants absorb mineral ions from?

A

The soil.

34
Q

Where does the energy for active transport come from?

A

Cellular Respiration. Responsible for all of the energy that the cell uses.

35
Q

What are root hair cells?

A

Specialised cells that are on the outside of the roots that absorb water and mineral ions. They have long hair-like protrusions that give the cell a large surface area for absorption and lots of mitochondria.

36
Q

Why can’t plants absorb mineral ions by diffusion?

A

Their concentration is higher in the cell than in the soil.

37
Q

Which organisms have a larger surface area to volume ratio?

A

Smaller organisms because larger organisms have less surface area compared to their volume.

38
Q

Which type of organism can rely on diffusion to exchange all of the nutrients and waste products it needs?

A

Bacteria.

39
Q

Give two examples of exchange surfaces in humans and describe their function.

A
  1. Alveoli (in lungs) - allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out of the bloodstream.
  2. Villi (in small intestine) - allow nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, mineral ions etc to be absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream.
40
Q

What is an exchange surface?

A

A part of an organism over which substances are exchanged with the environment.

41
Q

State and explain 5 features that most exchange surfaces have in common.

A
  1. Large surface area - lots of molecules can diffuse across at the same time.
  2. Surfaces are very thin - substances only have to diffuse a short distance.
  3. Surfaces are permeable - substances are able to pass through the surface.
  4. Good blood supply - maintains a strong concentration gradient as blood is constantly replaced.
  5. Good supply of ‘external medium’ - maintains a strong concentration gradient as the air or food is constantly replaced.
42
Q

State and explain five features of alveoli that make them good exchange surfaces.

A
  1. Lots of alveoli, giving a large surface area - lots of molecules can diffuse across at the same time.
  2. Surfaces are very thin (only one alveolar cell and 1 capillary cell thick) - substances only have to diffuse a short distance.
  3. Surfaces are permeable - oxygen and carbon dioxide are able to diffuse across.
  4. Good blood supply - maintains a strong concentration gradient as blood is constantly replaced.
  5. Good supply of ‘external medium’ - maintains a strong concentration gradient as the air in the alveoli is constantly being replaced with new oxygen rich air from the atmosphere.
43
Q

Which adaptation in plants contributes to the efficient exchange of gases?

A

The flattened shape of their leaves.

44
Q

What are villi?

A

The small protrusions of the lining of the small intestines are called villi. These have a large surface area which increases the area over which we can absorb nutrient molecules.

Biology (7 decks)

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