3. Hardware (25%) Flashcards

Question

DisplayPort

Answer 1

is a royalty-free digital display interface from the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) that uses less power than other digital interfaces and VGA

Answer 2

are AT Attachment (ATA) drives that use serial transmission as opposed to parallel - They use a different cable because of this. - It is not a ribbon cable but a smaller cable - have 7-pin data cables and a 15-pin power cable

Answer 3

interface technology, designed for connecting multiple internal and external hard drives to a computer

Answer 4

an extension of the SATA interface designed specifically for connecting external storage devices - Many motherboards have this connector built in - may be either flat or round and can be only 2 meters (6 feet) in length

Answer 5

a standard interface used for connecting older storage devices to a computer's motherboard - much more than a hard drive interface; it was also a popular interface for many other drive types, including optical drives and tape drives.

Answer 6

An algorithm is performed on the data and its check bits whenever the memory is accessed - If the result of the algorithm is all zeros, then the data is deemed valid and processing continues - ECC can detect single- and double-bit errors and actually correct single-bit errors.

Answer 7

is the memory controller’s coordination of two memory banks to work as a synchronized set during communication with the CPU, doubling the specified system bus width from the memory’s perspective.

Answer 8

demands the coordination of three memory modules at a time.

Answer 9

is the coordination of four memory modules at once.

Answer 10

Laptop computers and other computers that require much smaller components don’t use standard RAM packages - available in many physical implementations, including the older 32-bit (72- and 100-pin) configuration - and newer 64-bit (144-pin SDR SDRAM, 200-pin DDR/DDR2, 204-pin DDR3, 260-pin DDR4, and 262-pin DDR5) configurations.

Answer 11

is to use the hard drive as additional RAM - This space on the hard drive is known as a swap file or a paging file.

Answer 12

is a memory type, designed to be twice as fast as the DDR2 memory, that operates with the same system clock speed. - the peak voltage for DDR3 is only 1.5V - 133 MHZ - 300 MHz - Data rate of 800 Mbps - 2,133 Mbps

Answer 13

roughly double that of DDR3. - ranges between 1,600 Mbps and 3,200 Mbps - DDR also runs at a lower voltage—1.2 volts. - can support more memory per module, up to 512 GB per chip.

Answer 14

doubles the speed of DDR4 - data speed of 6.4 Gbps - runs at 1.1 volts. - the first memory module to be available in up to 128 GB modules.

Answer 15

Power is supplied by a 4-pin power connector - power connectors for PATA hard drives and optical drives - using an adapter or the built-in connector on mostly older fans manufactured before the motherboard connectors were standardized.

Answer 16

are used widely in serial data transfer and serial communication. - comes with nine pins arranged in two rows within a metal or plastic housing, which has a D-shaped metal shield surrounding the pins

Answer 17

a higher revolutions per minute (rpm) rating results in the ability to move data more quickly, there are many applications that do not benefit from increased disk-access speeds. - Higher speeds also consume more energy and produce more heat. - The lower speeds can be ideal in laptops, where heat production and battery usage can be issues with higher-speed drives. - fastest conventional hard drives are slower than solid-state drives are at transferring data.

Answer 18

the most common hard drive form factors (sizes) are 3.5" and 2.5". - Desktops traditionally use 3.5" drives - 2.5" drives are made for laptops—although most laptops today avoid using conventional HDDs.

Answer 19

a type of interface used to connect newer storage devices to the motherboard - has card-edge connector - SATA 1.x could transfer data at 150 MBps, which was a lot faster than the conventional hard drives at the time

Answer 20

a standard expansion slot found on modern computer motherboards - uses a network of serial interconnects that operate at high speed - has the capability of being faster than AGP while maintaining the flexibility of PCI

Answer 21

an open standard designed to optimize the speed of data transfers. - think of it as a nonvolatile memory chip that can be used in SATA, PCIe, or M.2 slots - can support data reads of up to 3.5 GBps - provides reduced latency and higher input/output operations per second (IOPS)

Answer 22

is a form factor specifically designed for portable devices such as laptops and smaller - uses a 30mm 52-pin connector

Answer 23

newer type of hard drive - uses a narrower 22 mm 66-pin connector - is a form factor, not a bus standard

Answer 24

Multiple hard drives can work together as one system, often providing increased performance (faster disk reads and writes) or fault tolerance (protection against one disk failing). - can be implemented in software, such as through the operating system, or in hardware, such as through the motherboard BIOS or a RAID hardware enclosure. - is more efficient and offers higher performance but at an increased cost.

Answer 25

is also known as disk striping, where a striped set of equal space from at least two drives creates a larger volume. - written across multiple drives, so one drive can be reading or writing while another drive’s read-write head is moving. - If any one of the drives fails, however, all content is lost.

Answer 26

is a method of producing fault tolerance by writing all data simultaneously to two separate drives. - If one drive fails, the other contains all of the data, and it will become the primary drive. - Disk mirroring doesn’t help access speed, however, and the cost is double that of a single drive

Answer 27

combines the benefits of both RAID 0 and RAID 1, creating a redundant striped volume set. Sometimes you will hear it called a stripe set with parity. - If one drive fails, the parity information for the stripes that lost data can be used with the remaining data from the working drives to derive what was on the failed drive and to rebuild the set once the drive is replaced - A minimum of three drives is required

Answer 28

Also known as RAID 1+0, adds fault tolerance to RAID 0 through the RAID 1 mirroring of each disk in the RAID 0 striped set - these implementations require a minimum of four drives and, because of the RAID 1 component, use half of your purchased storage space for mirroring.

Answer 29

Once used only for primary memory, the same components that sit on your motherboard as RAM can be found in various physical sizes and quantities among today’s solid-state storage solutions. - include older removable and nonremovable flash memory mechanisms, Secure Digital (SD) and other memory cards, and USB flash drives.

Answer 30

Modern electronics, as well as most contemporary digital still cameras, use some form of removable memory card to store still images permanently or until they can be copied off or printed out - the Secure Digital (SD) format has emerged as the preeminent leader of the pack

Answer 31

instead of storing data using magnetic fields like conventional HDDs, they read and write data with the use of a laser - The laser scans the surface of a spinning plastic disc, with data encoded as small bits and bumps in the track of the disc

Answer 32

increase the functionality of a computer by adding controllers for specific devices or by replacing malfunctioning ports on the motherboard - range from GPU to a wireless network interface card

Answer 33

Intel developed the form factor motherboard in the mid-1990s to improve upon the classic AT-style motherboard architecture that had ruled the PC world for many years. - the primary PC motherboard form factor in use today - puts the processor and memory in line with the fan output of the power supply, allowing the processor to run cooler.

Answer 34

The line of motherboard form factors was developed by VIA Technologies in the early 2000s as a low-power, small form factor (SFF) board for specialty uses, including home-theater systems, compact desktop systems, gaming systems, and embedded components

Answer 35

a standard expansion slot found on older computer motherboards that enables slot found on older computer motherboards that enables users to connect various expansion cards - operate at 33 MHz or 66 MHz (version 2.1) over a 32-bit (4-byte) channel - data rates of 133 MBps and 266 MBps, respectively, with 133 MBps being the most common

Answer 36

a special connector (the 24-pin white block connector) allows the motherboard to be connected to the power supply to receive power. - where the ATX power connector plugs in

Answer 37

These buttons and lights, as well as other external connectors, plug into the motherboard through a series of pins ■ Power button ■ Power light ■ Reset button ■ Drive activity lights ■ Audio jacks ■ USB ports

Answer 38

are basically flat and have several columns and rows of holes or pins arranged in a square - Intel uses LGA (Land Grid Array) - AMD uses PGA (Pinned Grid Array)

Answer 39

The holes and pins are in a row/column orientation, an array of pins

Answer 40

is a newer technology that places the delicate pins (yet more sturdy than those on chips) on the cheaper motherboard instead of on the more expensive CPU, opposite to the way that the aging PGA does.

Answer 41

There are motherboards that have more than one CPU socket and conveniently - will generally use the same CPU sockets that other motherboards use

Answer 42

small-factor motherboards, but most create their own boards to fit inside specific cases - When replacing a laptop motherboard, you almost always need to use one from the exact same model, otherwise it won’t fit inside the case.

Answer 43

a dedicated security coprocessor, or cryptoprocessor, the BIOS can be configured to boot the system only after authenticating the boot device. - Secure repository for cryptographic keys, passwords, and PINs - Microsoft’s BitLocker uses this to encrypt the entire drive - LoJack: a software that allows you to use GPS to find a lost laptop

Answer 44

When a certain level of UEFI is used, the system firmware can also check digital signatures for each boot file it uses to confirm that it is the approved version and has not been tampered with - Only if the signatures are valid will the firmware load and execute the associated software

Answer 45

is required to leave the initial power-on screens and begin the process of booting an operating system. - should not be set on public systems that need to boot on their own, in case of an unforeseen power cycle

Answer 46

is a security device that can manage, create, and securely store encryption keys—it enables users to safely encrypt and decrypt data - simplest is a USB or PCIe device that plugs into a system - It could be set up for file encryption and decryption, required for the computer to boot, or both. - For large-scale solutions, HSM-enabled servers can provide crypto services to an entire network

Answer 47

For true 64-bit CPUs, which have 64-bit internal registers and can run x64 versions of Microsoft operating systems - the term x86 sprung up to mean a 32-bit architecture - x64 is newer and faster than x86

Answer 48

They can be made smaller than CISC chips and they produce less heat, making them ideal for mobile devices. - 64-bit implementations are the most current, and they are designated ARM64; 32-bit versions are known simply as ARM

Answer 49

one set of instruction pathways through the processor - they could process one set of tasks at a time

Answer 50

Each core effectively operates as its own independent processor, provided that the operating system and applications are able to support multicore technology - the 10th-generation Intel Core i7 has eight cores whereas the i5 has six.

Answer 51

multiple string of instructions that a CPU runs

Answer 52

eases the burden on the system that software-based virtualization imposes - may need to be manually enabled in the BIOS

Answer 53

is simply a circuit board that you install into a computer to increase the capabilities of that computer. - the card being installed must match the bus type of the motherboard into which it is being installed

Answer 54

is the expansion card that you put into a computer to allow the computer to present information on some kind of display, typically a monitor or a projector. - also responsible for converting the data sent to it by the CPU into the pixels, addresses, and other items required for display - main two standards for video cards are the NVIDIA GeForce series and the AMD Radeon (formerly ATI Radeon) line

Answer 55

e devices to convert computer signals into printouts and video information, there are devices to convert those signals into sound. - y has small, round 1 ⁄8 jacks on the back of it for connecting microphones, headphones, and speakers as well as other sound equipment

Answer 56

is a stand-alone add-on card often used to save a video stream to the computer for later manipulation or sharing. - from an Internet site, or video from an external device such as a digital camera or smartphone. - can be internal (PCIe) or external (USB).

Answer 57

is an expansion card that connects a computer to a network so that it can communicate with other computers on that network. - Internal cards have a connector for the type of expansion bus on the motherboard (PCIe or PCI) and external cards typically use USB - two different types of network cards: wired and wireless

Answer 58

When you turn on a computer, you will often hear lots of whirring - Front Intake Fan - Rear Exhaust Fan - Power Supply Exhaust Fan - CPU Fan - Chipset Fan - Video Card Chipset Fan - Memory Module Fan

Answer 59

use tubing to transfer heat away from the CPU - the more surface area exposed to the cooling method, the better the cooling

Answer 60

glue-like compound that helps to bridge the extremely small gaps between the CPU and the heat sink, which avoids superheated pockets of air that can lead to focal damage of the CPU

Answer 61

provides heat conductivity between the processor and the heat sink.

Answer 62

is a technology whereby a special water block is used to conduct heat away from the processor (as well as from the chipset) - Water is circulated through this block to a radiator, where it is cooled - main benefit is silence

Answer 63

are the “normal” outlets that most electronics, including computers, are plugged into - Only US standard

Answer 64

are for high-energy devices such as electric ranges and clothes dryers - US & Europe Standard

Answer 65

referred to as a rail, because each one comes from a specific tap (or rail) within the power supply. - provide the same voltages to a system, such as +3.3V, +5V, and +12V

Answer 66

PCIe devices require more power than PCI ones did. So, for ATX motherboards with PCIe slots, the 20-pin system connector proved inadequate - a 24-pin connector that adds further positive voltage leads directly to the system connector

Answer 67

a second PSU installed in the system - reason to have two power supplies is in case one fails, the other can take over - is designed to be seamless and service will not be disrupted - two paths you can take: a system or battery backups

Answer 68

allows you to use only the cables you need (allowing for better air flow inside the computer case) - eliminated unwanted cables on your PSU - more flexibility in terms of the connectors provided

Answer 69

how much energy is drawn from the wall (AC) vs how much energy is converted into DC energy that the computer can use - this rating as the “capacity” of the device to supply power - Most computers require power supplies in the 350- to 500-watt range

Answer 70

- If it’s a home-based printer, you may want to choose a convenient but inconspicuous location. - In an office setting, having the printer centrally located may save a lot of headaches. - For a wireless printer, how close is it to an access point? If it’s a wired printer, it will need to be near an RJ-45 wall jack. - always choose a flat, stable surface

Answer 71

it describes the whole page being printed by sending commands that describe the text as well as the margins and other settings. - The controller in the printer interprets these commands and turns them into laser pulses (or pin strikes) - 3 common printer communication languages: PostScript (PS), Printer Control Language (PCL), and Graphics Device Interface (GDI).

Answer 72

was originally intended for use with inkjet printers as a competitor to PostScript. Since then, its role has been expanded to virtually every printer type. - used for standard office-type printing where most things are text-based - developed by HP

Answer 73

describes the page in terms of “draw” and “position” commands - uses commands that are more or less in English. - it was first used in the Apple LaserWriter printer

Answer 74

is the device that hosts the printer and processes the necessary printer commands. - your computer is the print server - if for any reason it’s turned off, no one will be able to print to that device

Answer 75

print on both sides of the paper - printers and scanners > manage > printer preferences

Answer 76

portrait or landscape - printers and scanners > manage > printer preferences

Answer 77

changes the heat and speed settings to obtain the best print quality for the type of paper being used.

Answer 78

Requiring users to authenticate (log in) to the printer is one step that can improve printer security - Not all printers have this capability, but most newer laser printers and MFDs designed for office use will

Answer 79

way for many users is to scan their work badge on the badge reader at the left of the unit - will automatically log them in and provide access to secure printing features

Answer 80

Some printers have the ability to save a list of documents that have been printed - For example, some HP printers will install an audit log into Windows Event Viewer

Answer 81

feature can be used to hold the print job until the user is ready for it - the user has printed to a device in a different building and wants the printer to wait to start printing until they can get there

Answer 82

the scanner will simply email the file, usually in PDF format, to an email recipient. - the most common method that people use when scanning files

Answer 83

The protocol the printer uses to transport the file from itself to the network folder - the recipient folder needs to be properly shared and secured too

Answer 84

is to use cloud services to save the scan - Various file saving and sharing services support scanning to the cloud, such as Google Drive, OneDrive, Box, and Dropbox, among others

Answer 85

lets you scan multiple pieces of paper in one job - It’s common to have up to 50 pages to be scanned at once

Answer 86

simply open the lid and lay the document to be scanned on the scanner glass, aligning it to the proper corner

Answer 87

uses a combination of static electric charges, laser light, and a black powdery ink-like substance - maintenance: replace toner, apply maintenance kit, calibrate, and clean

Answer 88

a three-dimensional product is produced by “printing” thin layers of a material and stacking those layers on top of each other - maintenance: replace toner, apply maintenance kit, calibrate, clean

Answer 89

to create objects - comes on a spool, much like wire

Answer 90

a reservoir of liquid combined with UV light that hardens the resin to create objects

Answer 91

On the bottom of the printer will be the printing plate, where the object is created - often at the top and moves up as the image is printed

Answer 92

use some form of impact and an inked printer ribbon to make an imprint on the paper - use a paper feed mechanism called a tractor feed that requires special paper - maintenance: replace ribbon, replace print head, replace paper.

Answer 93

use ink-filled cartridges that spray ink onto a sprayed in a pattern on the page, creating the desired outcome - use a reservoir of ink, a pump, and a nozzle to accomplish this - maintenance: clean heads, replace cartridges, calibrate, clear jams

Answer 94

uses chemically-treated paper called thermal paper to print text and images, which become black when heated - maintenance: replace paper, clean heating element, remove debris

Answer 95

power supplies that have only one over current protection circuit

Answer 96

power supplies that have more than one over current protection circuit

Answer 97

- Coaxial Cable - Threaded Connector

Answer 98

- Fiber Optic - Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) - Cylindrical Design - Push-Pull Connectivity

Answer 99

- Fiber Optic - Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) - Square Design - Push-Pull Connectivity

Answer 100

- Fiber Optic - Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) - Compact Design - Push-Pull Connectivity w/ Latch

Answer 101

- Telecommunication Termination - Network Termination

Answer 102

- Processes 32-bit instructions - Requires 32-bit operating system - Runs 32-bit applications - Will Not run 64-bit applications - Maximum of 4GB of RAM

Answer 103

- Processes 64-bit instructions - Works with both 64-bit and 32-bit operating systems - Runs most 32-bit applications - Runs 64-bit applications - Greater than 4GB of RAM

Answer 104

a type of software that is embedded into electronic devices to control their operation - more permanent than general-purpose software - initiates device boot-up

Answer 105

modern firmware interface that initializes hardware components during the boot-up process - Modern firmware interface - Graphical User Interface (GUI) - Supports Secure Boot

Answer 106

traditional firmware interface that initializes hardware components during the boot-up process - traditional firmware interface - Power-On Self-Test (POST)

3. Hardware (25%) Flashcards

(131 cards)