3 - Global Futures Flashcards
4 types of questions about development from critical geography
ontological - what is development
ideological - how do we get there
epistemological - how do we ‘know’ and measure it
discursive - how do we talk about it, how do certain ideas become dominant and are legitimised, while others are sidelined
development can be thought of as …. (CITE)
a continuous intellectual project as well as an ongoing material process rather than something that is measurable and quantifiable (McEwan, 2019)
outline d/Development and CITE
(Cowen and Shenton 1995)
Immanent little d development - historical processes of change naturally unfolding
Intentional big D envelopment - deliberate efforts on the parts of various agencies to bring about change
outline Hart (2001)’s view on d/D
Little ‘d’evelopment’
■ ‘“little d” development aka development of capitalism as a
geographically uneven, profoundly contradictory set of historical
processes’
Big Development
■ the formal, professional practices, policies and institutions of the
Development industry (e.g. World Bank, Oxfam etc)
■ colonial origins, but the sector expanded in size, visibility and
‘legitimacy’ in the post-WWII era
outline the origin of development through the idea of ‘progress’
- 17th C new ideas about the relationship between
humanity, society, and nature - Challenging traditional worldviews, separation of
religion and state - Age of rationalism (reason) and empiricism
- World became knowable through the gathering of
empirical knowledge and reasoning. - Educated Europeans experienced an expansive sense
of power over nature - World became controllable – diseases, famines, etc
- New ways of organising society
- Emphasis on ‘universality’ – a ‘singular’ & linear
notion of what progress means – Eurocentric ideas
what did Marquis de Condorcet say
technological advancements and
economical changes will enable change
in people’s moral and cultural values in
society– there can be progress (indeed,
continuous progress) in human affairs
what were the implications of enlightenment thinking for development
- west is superior and more advanced along the linear path of progress and modernity
- ‘need to civilise rest of the world’
- ‘wealth extraction and knowledge production of the rest to progress further’
Cowen and Shenton (1995) two developments
immanent and intentional
what does Hart (2001) say about d and D
- little ‘d’ development
Refers to the broader, historical processes of capitalist development – economic, political, social change.
It is geographically uneven and contradictory, meaning some places benefit while others are left behind or harmed.
It’s linked with immanent development, meaning these processes unfold naturally over time without central planning.
- Big ‘D’ Development
Refers to the formal, intentional interventions – policies, institutions, aid, and programmes designed to “do development.”
Think: World Bank, IMF, NGOs, aid agencies.
This has colonial origins but expanded rapidly post-WWII, especially during the Cold War and decolonisation as a way to shape global politics and economies.
What does little ‘d’ development refer to in Hart’s (2001) framework
The uneven, contradictory historical processes of capitalist development
What does Big ‘D’ Development refer to in Hart’s (2001) theory?
formal practices, policies, and institutions of the Development industry (e.g., World Bank, NGOs).
What are the origins of Big ‘D’ Development?
Colonial roots, expanded after WWII during the Cold War and decolonisation
Who introduced the concepts of “immanent” and “intentional” development?
Cowen and Shenton (1995).
What is immanent development?
Naturally unfolding historical processes of change (economic, political, social, etc.).
What is intentional development?
Deliberate efforts by agencies (governments, NGOs, etc.) to bring about development
How does Hart (200q) redefine little ‘d’ development
As the creative and destructive tendencies of global capitalism that require constant intervention.
What is Polanyi’s “double movement” in capitalism
Market forces disembed the economy from society, while countermovements attempt to re-embed it for social protection
How are Big ‘D’ and little ‘d’ development related in Hart’s (2001) view
Big ‘D’ is not external to little ‘d’; it is embedded within and helps manage capitalism’s dislocations
What is the core argument of Hart’s (2001) d/Development dialectic
Development (Big ‘D’) is not oppositional to capitalism but works within it, often reinforcing capitalist accumulation
what was the Point 4 program
inauguration speech of Harry Truman
start of big D development
US to help emerging countries just out of colonial rule. reconstruction in Europe
first mention of ‘less developed’
What is modernity
a way of being in teh world
Berman (1994) definition of modernity
release of the individual from bonds of tradition, with progressive differentiation of society.
innovation and change
associated with capitalism, secularisation, urbanisation, rationalisation
