3-EXPERIMENTS AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Question 1

Asymmetrical order effect

Answer 1

Order effect that has a greater strength in one particular order of conditions and where, therefore counterbalancing would be ineffective

Question 2

Baseline measure

Answer 2

What would occur if no experimental level of the independent measure were applied; how ‘untreated’ participants perform.

Question 3

Confounding variable

Answer 3

Variable that is uncontrolled and obscures the effect sought, varying with the independent variable in a systematic manner.

Question 4

Control group

Answer 4

Used as a baseline measure against which the performance of the experimental group is assessed.

Question 5

Counterbalancing

Answer 5

Half of the participants do conditions in a particular order and the older half take the conditions in the opposite order-this abalones the possible effects.

Question 6

Dependent variable

Answer 6

Assumed to be directly affected nu changes in the independent variable in an experiment.

Question 7

Experiment

Answer 7

Design in which an independent variable is manipulated, all other variables controlled and dependent variable is measured for changes caused by the independent variable.

Question 8

Factorial design

Answer 8

More than one independent variable is maintained.

Question 9

Independent samples (measures)

Answer 9

Each condition of the independent variable is experiences by only one group of participants.

Question 10

Matched pairs

Answer 10

Each participant in one group/ condition is paired on specific variables with a participant in another group/ condition.

Question 11

Related design

Answer 11

Design in which individual scores in one condition can be paired with individual scores in other conditions (repeated measures and matched pairs).

Question 12

Repeated measures

Answer 12

Each participant experiences al levels of the independent variable.

Question 13

Single participant

Answer 13

Design in which only one participant is tested in several trials at all independent variable levels.

Question 14

Small N design

Answer 14

There is only s small number of participants, typically in clinical or counselling work but also where participants need substantial training for a highly skilled task.

Question 15

Unrelated design

Answer 15

Individual scores none condition cannot be paired or linked I any way with individual scores in another condition.

Question 16

Extraneous variable

Answer 16

Anything other than the independent variable that could affect the dependent variable; it may or may not have been allowed for and/or controlled.

Question 17

Independent variable

Answer 17

Manipulated by the experimenter which is assumed t have a direct effect on the dependent variable.

Question 18

Levels of the IV

Answer 18

Different values taken by the independent variable; often, the conditions of an experiment.

Question 19

Non-equivalent groups

Answer 19

A possible confounding variable where two or more groups in an independent measures differ on a skill pr characteristic relevant to the dependent variable.

Question 20

Order effect

Answer 20

A confounding effect caused by experiencing one condition, then another, such as practice of fatigue.

Question 21

Placebo group

Answer 21

Group who don’t receive the critical ‘treatment’ but everything else the experimental group receives; used in order to eliminate places effects.

Question 22

Pre-test

Answer 22

Measure of participants before an experiment in order to balance or compare groups, r to assess change by comparison with scores after the experiment.

Question 23

Randomisation

Answer 23

Putting stimulus items or trial types into random order for the purpose of elimination of order effects.

Question 24

Standardisation

Answer 24

Using the exact same formalised routine for all participants.

Question 25

Vignette

Answer 25

a story, scenario or other description given to all anticipants but with certain details altered and this different constitutes the independent variable.