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PN > 3 - Energy Transformation & Metabolism > Flashcards

3 - Energy Transformation & Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Laws of Thermodynamics

A

Principles that govern energy exchange, including heat exchange and the performance of work.

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2
Q

Energy Transfer

A

Movement of ATP from one compound to another so it can be used.

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3
Q

Hepatocyte

A

Liver Cell

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4
Q

Myocyte

A

Muscle Cell

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5
Q

Adipocyte

A

Fat Cell

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6
Q

ATP/PCr System

A

Composed of ATP and phophocreatine, this system replenishes oxygen rapidly without the use of oxygen.

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7
Q

Creatine Kinase

A

Isoenzyme found in muscle and brain tissue that catalyzes the formation of ATP; higher after tissue injury.

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8
Q

Creatine

A

Nitrogenous substance, derived from arginine, glycine and methionine, found in muscle tissue.

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9
Q

Phosphocreatine (PCR)

A

Compound of creatine (Cr) and phosphoric acid (P) found in muscle.

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10
Q

Glycolytic System

A

Process of breaking down glucose for energy; can be fast or slow.

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11
Q

Pyruvate

A

Salt of pyruvic acid; the end product of glycolysis.

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12
Q

NADH

A

Reduced form of NAD; used to transfer electrons.

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13
Q

Hydrogen Ion

A

The cation of acids; consists of a hydrogen atom whose electron has been transferred to the anion of the acid.

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14
Q

NAD+

A

Co-enzyme of dehydrogenases; plays a role in intermediary metabolism as an oxidizing agent or reducing agent for metabolites.

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15
Q

Lactic Acid

A

An organic byproduct of anaerobic metabolism derived from pyruvic acid; can be used as an energy source for cells.

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16
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

The phosphorylation of ATP coupled to the electron transport system.

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17
Q

Muscle Acidity

A

An acidic environment created when the pH level of muscle cells falls below 7.

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18
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

A major metabolic pathway that involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert pyruvic acid from food to acetyl-CoA for energy.

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19
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Set of compounds that transfers electrons to a donor that creates energy.

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20
Q

Acetyl-CoA

A

Co-enzyme that plays a role in intermediary metabolism; can enter the Krebs Cycle to produce energy and be used for fatty acid synthesis.

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21
Q

Beta Oxidation

A

Breakdown of fatty acids that takes place in the mitochondria and peroxisomes.

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22
Q

FAD+

A

Riboflavin-derived hydrogen acceptor in the Krebs cycle.

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23
Q

FADH2

A

The reduced form of FAD+

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24
Q

Cytochrome

A

Protein found in mitochondria (inner membrane) that transports electrons.

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25
Q

Proton

A

Particle with a positive charge, usually regarded as a hydrogen ion; when the proton gradient shifts in the electron transport chain, energy conversion occurs.

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26
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Systhesis of glycogen.

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27
Q

Glucose 6-Phosphate

A

Phosphorylated form of glucose that won’t diffuse out of a cell.

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28
Q

Glycogen Synthase

A

Enzyme necessary for the conversion of excess glucose into stored glycogen.

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29
Q

Epinephrine

A

Hormone and neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline.

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30
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Hormone and nuerotransmitter; also known as noradrenaline.

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31
Q

Glycogen Phosphorylase

A

Enzyme necessary for glycogenolysis; breaks glycogen into glucose units.

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32
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose.

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33
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone secreted by the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels.

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34
Q

a-cells

A

Endocrine cells of the pancreas that secrete glucagon.

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35
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Central part of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine.

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36
Q

Glycolysis

A

Series of reactions in the cytosol that converts glucose into pyruvic acid and ultimately ATP.

37
Q

Anaerobic Threshold

A

The point at which lactic acid begins to accumulate in the bloodstream.

38
Q

Oxaloacetate

A

Intermediate that couples with acetyl Co-A to form citrate.

39
Q

Fat Adaptation

A

A higher capacity to oxidize fat.

40
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid component of blood that suspends blood cells; contains water, glucose, proteins and hormones.

41
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Conversion of non-carbohydrate compounds (i.e., amino acids, pyruvate, glycerol) to glucose.

42
Q

Cori Cycle

A

Use of lactate produced in the muscles by the liver for the production of glucose.

43
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Fat Tissue

44
Q

Lipolysis

A

Breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.

45
Q

Hormone Sensitive Lipase

A

Enzyme of the cytosol that frees fatty acids and glycerol.

46
Q

Lipid Mobilization

A

Using lipids as a fuel source.

47
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Anabolic hormone that causes growth and cell reproduction; also known as somatotropin.

48
Q

Aerobic

A

With oxygen present.

49
Q

Anaerobic

A

Without oxygen present.

50
Q

Monoglyceride

A

A glycerol with one fatty acid chain.

51
Q

Diglyceride

A

A glycerol with two fatty acid chains.

52
Q

Fatty Acid Synthase Chain

A

System of enzymes involved in the synthesis of fatty acids.

53
Q

Elongation

A

Addition of carbons on a fatty acid chain.

54
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid with no double bonds in the chain.

55
Q

Desaturation

A

Removal of hydrogen atoms to form a double bond.

56
Q

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

A

A single double bond in the fatty acid chain.

57
Q

Very Low Density Lipoprotein Particles

A

Particles used in lipid transport; assembled in the liver by cholesterol and apolipoproteins, converted to LDL.

58
Q

Lipogenic Enzymes

A

Enzyme involved with the synthesis of fat.

59
Q

Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA)

A

Unsaturated omega-3 fatty acid, see linolenic acid.

60
Q

Omega-3

A

Family of unsaturated fatty acids characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond three spaces in from the methyl end.

61
Q

Linoleic Acid

A

Unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid considered essential to the human diet.

62
Q

Omega-6

A

Family of unsaturated fatty acids characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond six spaces in from the methyl end.

63
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid with multiple double bonds in the chain.

64
Q

Chylomicron

A

A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglyceride from the small intestines to tissues of the body.

65
Q

Lipoprotein

A

A class of proteins with hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol surrounded by hydrophilic phospholipids, apolipoproteins and cholesterol.

66
Q

Cholesterol

A

Lipid/Sterol contained in body’s cells and fluids that acts as a precursor to hormones and bodily structures.

67
Q

Statin Drugs

A

Pharmaceutical agents that decrease cholesterol production within the body via downregulation of HMG-CoA reductase.

68
Q

Apolipoprotein

A

Lipid binding protein that is part of a lipoprotein.

69
Q

LDL Cholesterol

A

A lipoprotein that transports triglyceride and cholesterol from the liver to body tissues.

70
Q

HDL Cholesterol

A

A lipoprotein that transports fatty acids and cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver.

71
Q

Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT)

A

An enzyme that is used to convert cholesterol to a transportable form for lipoproteins.

72
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Development of plaque in the lumen (interior space) of blood vessels.

73
Q

Plasma Pool of Amino Acids

A

Reserve of amino acids found in blood plasma.

74
Q

Non-Essential Amino Acids

A

Amino acid that does not need to be included in the diet.

75
Q

Essential Amino Acid

A

Amino acid that must be included in the diet.

76
Q

Peptide Chain

A

Short polymer formed from linking amino acids.

77
Q

Deanimation

A

Removal of an anime group from a compound.

78
Q

Branched Chain Amino Acid (BCAA)

A

Amino acid with aliphatic side chain that is non-linear.

79
Q

Carbon Skeleton

A

Chain, branches or rings of carbon atoms that form organic molecules.

80
Q

Amine

A

One of a group of organic nitrogen compounds.

81
Q

Ammonia

A

Also known as NH3, a very basic end product of protein metabolism.

82
Q

Urea Cycle

A

Cycle that takes place in the liver and creates urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide.

83
Q

Urea

A

Water-soluble final nitrogenous excretion product synthesized from ammonia and carbon dioxide, found in urine.

84
Q

a-Ketoacid

A

An organic acid containing a functional ketone group and a carboxylic acid.

85
Q

Transamination

A

The transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to an alpha-keto acid.

86
Q

Protein Turnover

A

Balance between protein synthesis and breakdown.

87
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

(Re)Building of proteins.

88
Q

Protein Breakdown

A

Degradation of proteins.

PN (5 decks)

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