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PN > 1 - Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

1 - Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of reactions that take place to build up and break down the body.

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body’s ability to maintain a stable and constant internal condition.

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3
Q

Protein

A

Large and complex molecule consisting of amino acids (which contain nitrogen) that are essential for living cells.

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4
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease-causing agent; usually bacteria, virus or fungi.

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5
Q

Enzyme

A

Substance that helps catalyze chemical reactions.

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6
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Tissue composed of cellular layers that protect outer surfaces of the human body such as skin, mucosa, and intestinal lining.

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7
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Supportive tissue, such as ligaments, tendons, and fascia, formed from a fibrous matrix.

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8
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Tissue consisting of bundles of cells that contract when stimulated.

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9
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Tissue capable of conducting impulses that help to connect and communicate signals to other parts of the body.

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10
Q

Organelle

A

Component of the cell that is responsible for a specific task.

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid medium inside of the cell, but outside of the nucleus, that surrounds organelles.

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12
Q

Macronutrient

A

Nutrient the body requires in large amounts. (Protein, Carbs, etc)

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13
Q

Micronutrient

A

Organic compound the body requires in small amounts. (Vitamins, Minerals)

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14
Q

Potential Energy

A

Energy stored within a physical system.

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15
Q

Phytochemical

A

Chemical substance obtained from plants that is biologically active, but non-nutritive.

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16
Q

Co-factor

A

Non-protein compound that interacts with another substance to facilitate a transformation.

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17
Q

Hormones

A

Compound created by one cell that travels to and stimulates another cell.

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18
Q

Genetics

A

Specific, inherited DNA of an organism, which influences what they become, although environment also plays a key role in the expression of an organism’s genetic code.

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19
Q

DNA

A

Nucleic acids that contain instructions for heredity.

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20
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle where genetic material is housed.

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21
Q

Gene

A

A particular sequence in DNA or RNA that controls the expression of a protein, and by extension influences the characteristics of an organism.

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22
Q

Genetic Polymorphism

A

Variation in the form of one or a sequence of genes.

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23
Q

Nutrigenomics

A

Study of how genes respond to nutritional intake.

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24
Q

Diurnal

A

Daily cycle. (hormone release)

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25
Q

Insulin

A

Protein hormone released from the pancreas; necessary for the metabolism of nutrients.

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26
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Lipid bilayer that is permeable to certain compounds that contains the cell.

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27
Q

Lipid

A

Organic substance that is insoluble in water; provides structure, storage and messenger functions in the body.

28
Q

Cholesterol

A

Lipid/sterol contained in the body’s cells and fluids that acts as a precursor to hormones and bodily structures.

29
Q

Phospholipids

A

A type of lipid with a hydrophilic phosphate group ‘head’ and hydrophobic fatty acid ‘tail’ that forms cell membranes.

30
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Strong affinity for water.

31
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Lack of affinity for water.

32
Q

Cytosol

A

Internal fluid portion of the cell.

33
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelles that supply the cells’ energy/ATP. (singular: mitochondrion)

34
Q

Oxidize

A

To combine with oxygen.

35
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups that supplies energy for the cell.

36
Q

Cristae

A

Internal compartments of the mitochondria.

37
Q

Mitochondrial Density

A

Quantity of mitochondria per unit volume.

38
Q

Mitochondrial Quality

A

Specific attributes of mitochondria.

39
Q

Reactive Oxygen Species

A

Various substances formed as a byproduct of metabolism that are highly reactive due to the unpaired electron shell.

40
Q

Free Radicals

A

Reactive atom with one or more electrons.

41
Q

Chromosomes

A

Oraganized structure of DNA, found within cells, that contains the genes of an organism.

42
Q

Transcription

A

Construction of mRNA from a DNA molecule.

43
Q

Translation

A

Forming a protein molecule based on the information contained in the mRNA.

44
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Cytoplasmic membrane that translates proteins.

45
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Cytoplasmic organelle necessary for the modification and transport of proteins.

46
Q

Ribosomes

A

A complex rich in RNA and protein found in cells.

47
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Protein that contains a carbohydrate group, involved in membrane integrity.

48
Q

Ribonucleic Acids (RNA)

A

Various nucleic acids on a single strand containing ribose and uracil, necessary for the control of cell activities.

49
Q

Cisternae

A

Flattened membrane disc of Golgi Apparatus (plural: cisternae)

50
Q

Vesicles

A

Fluid filled pouch/sac that can transport and store compounds.

51
Q

Lysosome

A

Organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes.

52
Q

Microorganism

A

Organism of microscopic size.

53
Q

Peroxisome

A

Cytoplasmic organelle with enzymes that help with the breakdown of fatty acids and other macromolecules.

54
Q

Detoxify

A

To remove a poison or toxin from the body.

55
Q

Receptor-Ligand Binding Complex

A

A complex formed between a receptor and a substance to allow for further cellular activity.

56
Q

Signal Transduction

A

Conversion of one signal to anther by a cell.

57
Q

Second Messenger

A

Substance that mediates intracellular activity by relaying a signal from an extracellular molecule.

58
Q

Ligand

A

Any substance that binds specifically and reversibly to another chemical entity to form a larger complex.

59
Q

Transport Protein

A

Protein that moves compounds across a membrane.

60
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Transport that requires a carrier molecule, occurs when diffusion of a substance on its own is not possible.

61
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration; requires energy and enzymes.

62
Q

Substrate

A

Substance acted upon by an enzyme.

63
Q

Lock-and-Key Model

A

Model that explains enzyme specificity.

64
Q

Reduced Fit Model

A

Model that suggests enzymes are rather flexible structures.

65
Q

Co-Enzyme

A

Non-protein compound that forms the active portion of an enzyme system.

66
Q

Catalyze

A

Initiate or increase the rate of a chemical reaction.

PN (5 decks)

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