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Metabolism > 3. Energy Production: Carbohydrate (2) > Flashcards

3. Energy Production: Carbohydrate (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two functions of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

1) make 5 carbon sugars needed in nucleotides

2) makes NADPH

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2
Q

WHAT IS NADPH used as ?

A

Reducing power for biosynthesis

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3
Q

Which enzyme converts pyruvate to acetyl coA

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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4
Q

How many carbons does acetyl coA have?

A

2

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5
Q

Why is the reaction of pyruvate to acetyl coA non reversible

A

Because co2 is released

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6
Q

Where does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA take place?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

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7
Q

In the reaction that converts pyruvate to acetyl coA what other substances are formed at the end of the reaction?

A
  • co2
  • NADH
  • H+
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8
Q

WHAT DOES PYRUVATE BIND TO FOR IT TO BE CATALYSED INTO ACETYL coA ? Where does it come from?

A

CoA

Diet

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9
Q

How many enzymes is pyruvate dehydrogenase made from?

A

5

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10
Q

The reaction converting pyruvate to acetyl coA is sensitive to which vitamin ?

A

B1

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11
Q

What can form a regulatory enzyme?

A

Irreversible, unidirectional reaction

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12
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency will result in which complication?

A

Lactic acidosis

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13
Q

What 6 things is pyruvate dehydrogenase activated by?

A 
Dephosphorylation 
Pyruvate
CoA
NAD+
ADP
Insulin
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14
Q

What 5 things is pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibited by?

A 
Phosphorylation 
Acetyl-CoA
NADH
ATP
Citrate
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15
Q

How many molecules of co2 are produced in one round of the tricarboxylic acid cycle?

A

2

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16
Q

Where does the tricarboxylic acid cycle occur?

A

Mitochondria

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17
Q

If co2 is released from a reaction what does this mean?

A

It is irreversible

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18
Q

How many cycles of the Krebs does one molecule of glucose go through ?

A

2

Because 1 glu = 2 pyruvate = 2 acetyl CoA

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19
Q

What type of energy is released front the KREBS cycle?

A

GTP

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20
Q

HOW MANY GTP MOLECULES ARE FORMED FROM 1 ROUND OF KREB CYCLE?

A

1

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21
Q

WHERE ARE HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS STORED HOW ARE THEY RELEASED?
WHAT IS THIS ENERGY RELEASED USED TO MAKE?

A
  • STORED IN NADH & FAD(2)H
  • ENERGY RELEASED BY OXIDATION OF THESE MOLECULES.
  • ATP FORMED FROM THIS RELEASED ENERGY
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22
Q

FROM THE KREBS CYCLE WHAT ARE THE 2 REDUCING AGENTS FORMED?

A

NADH

FAD(2)H

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23
Q

WHICH 2 ENZYMES ARE ALLOSTERICALLY REGULATED IN TCA CYCLE ?

A

ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGESASE

ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE

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24
Q

IN TCA CYCLE HOW MANY NADH & FAD(2)H IS FORMED WITH 1 MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE?

A 
NADH = 6 (3 PER CYCLE) 
FAD(2)H = 2 (1 PER CYCLE)
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25
How is energy released from NADH & FAD(2)H ?
Electron transport chain
26
How is the energy released via the electron transport chain used to synthesis ATP ?
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
27
WHICH OF THE 2 MITOCHONDRION MEMBRANES IS VERY IMPERMEABLE ?
INNER MEMBRANE.
28
What 2 things are formed at the end of the electron transport chain?
- hydrogen gradient between mitochondrial matrix and mitochondrial intermembrane space - H20
29
How many hydrogen ions are released into the mitochondrial matrix from oxidation of 1NADH ?
6
30
How many hydrogen ions are released into the mitochondrial matrix from oxidation of 1FAD(2)H ?
4
31
What is the name of the protein that generates ATP & through which H+ ions move down their concentration & electrochemical gradient?
ATP synthase
32
Which produces more energy 1) Oxidation of NADH 2) Oxidation of FAD(2)H?
- oxidation of NADH
33
WHAT 2 MOLECULES CAN STOP O2 BINDING TO HB & INHIBIT THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN?
CYANIDE & CARBON MONOXIDE
34
HOW DO UNCOUPLERS WORK?
INCREASE PERMEABILITY OF MEMBRANE TO H+ = DECREASED H+ GRADIENT - NO OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION VIA ATP SYNTHASE
35
GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF UNCOUPLERS
DINITROPHENOL DINITROCRESOL FATTY ACIDS
36
What is the name of the naturally occurring uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue?
Thermogenin (UCP1)
37
What activates UCP1 UNCOUPLING PROTEIN?
FATTY ACIDS
38
WHAT IS UCP1 PROTEIN? WHERE IS IT FOUND? WHAT DOES IT GENERATE?
UNCOUPLING PROTEIN FOUND IN BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE WHICH IS USED TO GENERATE HEAT.
39
HOW MANY MOLES OF ATP ARE FORMED PER ONE MOLE OF GLUCOSE?
32 MOLES
40
Do fatty acids cross the blood brain barrier easily?
No
41
Where are triacylglycerol stored?
Adipose tissue
42
How do fatty acids travel in the blood ?
Albumin
43
What is linolenic acid?
Essential fatty acid
44
Are essential fatty acids saturated or unsaturated?
Unsaturated
45
What is a saturated fatty acid?
Contains only signal bond between carbo atoms
46
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
Contains one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
47
Where are fatty acids activated and what do they link to become activated?
Cytoplasm | Coenzyme A
48
Why vitamin is Coenzyme A derived from ?
B5
49
How is fatty acyl-coA transported into the mitochondria?
Converted to acyl carnitine | Enters mitochondria via carnitine shuttle transporter
50
What inhibits carnitine shuttle transporter?
Malonyl - CoA
51
What is the carnitine shuttle transporter?
Transporter on outer mitochondrial membrane though which fatty acyl-CoA enters for fatty acid oxidation to commence.
52
What type of oxidation do fatty acids go through in the mitochondria ?
Beta oxidation
53
Which cells can beta oxidation not occur in?
BRAIN RBC WBC
54
What is the end product of carbohydrate, fatty acid, alcohol and some amino acid metabolism ?
Acetyl coA
55
Which vitamin does coA contain?
B5
56
What is panthenoic acid ?
Vitamin b5
57
Is vitamin B5 water soluble or lipid soluble ?
Water soluble
58
What 3 things can be biosynthesised from acetyl -coA ?
- fatty acids - co2 (if enters TCA cycles) - HMG (hydroxymethyl glutaric acid)
59
What are the 3 ketone bodies produced in the body?
Acetoacetate Acetone Beta hydroxybutyrate
60
What is normal plasma ketone body concentration
<1mM
61
In what conditions can ketone body concentration in the plasma rise?
- starvation: physiological ketosis | - untreated type 1 dm : pathological ketosis
62
What is the plasma concentration of ketone bodies in physiological ketosis?
2-10mM
63
What is the plasma concentration of ketone bodies in pathological ketosis?
>10mM
64
WHERE ARE KETONE BODIES SYNTHESISED?
LIVER
65
Which enzyme converts HMG-coA to mevalonate?
HMG-coA reductase
66
What is mevalonate?
Substrate for cholesterol formation
67
Which enzyme is inhibited by statins? | What reaction does it inhibit
HMG-COA REDUCTASE | HMG-COA to mevalonate (which eventually becomes cholesterol)
68
What can HMG-CoA form in high energy levels ? What can HMG-CoA form in low energy levels ?
High energy - cholesterol | Low energy - ketone bodies (acetoacetate which can become b-hydroxybutyrate + acetone).
69
What reaction does the enzyme lyase catalyse?
HMG-coA to acetoacetate (ketone body)
70
What are the 2 regulatory enzymes in the TCA cycle?
ISOCITRATE dehydrogenase | Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
71
If there is a high insulin:glucagon ratio what happens to - lyase - HMG-coA reductase ?
Lyase - inhibited | Hmg-coA reductase - activated
72
If there is a low insulin:glucagon ratio what happens to - lyase - HMG-coA reductase ?
Lyase: activated | Hmg-coA reductase - inhibited
73
What is ketonuria?
Ketone body plasma concentration is above the renal threshold so they are excreted in the urine.
74
Increased acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutyrate can lead to what condition?
Ketoacidosis
75
What are 2 ways in which excessive ketone bodies are removed from the body?
1) urine if above renal threshold | 2) acetone excreted from lungs

Metabolism (4 decks)

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