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Metabolism > 3. Energy Production: Carbohydrate (2) > Flashcards

3. Energy Production: Carbohydrate (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two functions of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

1) make 5 carbon sugars needed in nucleotides

2) makes NADPH

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2
Q

WHAT IS NADPH used as ?

A

Reducing power for biosynthesis

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3
Q

Which enzyme converts pyruvate to acetyl coA

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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4
Q

How many carbons does acetyl coA have?

A

2

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5
Q

Why is the reaction of pyruvate to acetyl coA non reversible

A

Because co2 is released

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6
Q

Where does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA take place?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

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7
Q

In the reaction that converts pyruvate to acetyl coA what other substances are formed at the end of the reaction?

A
  • co2
  • NADH
  • H+
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8
Q

WHAT DOES PYRUVATE BIND TO FOR IT TO BE CATALYSED INTO ACETYL coA ? Where does it come from?

A

CoA

Diet

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9
Q

How many enzymes is pyruvate dehydrogenase made from?

A

5

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10
Q

The reaction converting pyruvate to acetyl coA is sensitive to which vitamin ?

A

B1

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11
Q

What can form a regulatory enzyme?

A

Irreversible, unidirectional reaction

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12
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency will result in which complication?

A

Lactic acidosis

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13
Q

What 6 things is pyruvate dehydrogenase activated by?

A 
Dephosphorylation 
Pyruvate
CoA
NAD+
ADP
Insulin
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14
Q

What 5 things is pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibited by?

A 
Phosphorylation 
Acetyl-CoA
NADH
ATP
Citrate
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15
Q

How many molecules of co2 are produced in one round of the tricarboxylic acid cycle?

A

2

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16
Q

Where does the tricarboxylic acid cycle occur?

A

Mitochondria

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17
Q

If co2 is released from a reaction what does this mean?

A

It is irreversible

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18
Q

How many cycles of the Krebs does one molecule of glucose go through ?

A

2

Because 1 glu = 2 pyruvate = 2 acetyl CoA

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19
Q

What type of energy is released front the KREBS cycle?

A

GTP

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20
Q

HOW MANY GTP MOLECULES ARE FORMED FROM 1 ROUND OF KREB CYCLE?

A

1

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21
Q

WHERE ARE HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS STORED HOW ARE THEY RELEASED?
WHAT IS THIS ENERGY RELEASED USED TO MAKE?

A
  • STORED IN NADH & FAD(2)H
  • ENERGY RELEASED BY OXIDATION OF THESE MOLECULES.
  • ATP FORMED FROM THIS RELEASED ENERGY
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22
Q

FROM THE KREBS CYCLE WHAT ARE THE 2 REDUCING AGENTS FORMED?

A

NADH

FAD(2)H

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23
Q

WHICH 2 ENZYMES ARE ALLOSTERICALLY REGULATED IN TCA CYCLE ?

A

ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGESASE

ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE

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24
Q

IN TCA CYCLE HOW MANY NADH & FAD(2)H IS FORMED WITH 1 MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE?

A 
NADH = 6 (3 PER CYCLE) 
FAD(2)H = 2 (1 PER CYCLE)
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25
Q

How is energy released from NADH & FAD(2)H ?

A

Electron transport chain

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26
Q

How is the energy released via the electron transport chain used to synthesis ATP ?

A

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

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27
Q

WHICH OF THE 2 MITOCHONDRION MEMBRANES IS VERY IMPERMEABLE ?

A

INNER MEMBRANE.

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28
Q

What 2 things are formed at the end of the electron transport chain?

A
  • hydrogen gradient between mitochondrial matrix and mitochondrial intermembrane space
  • H20
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29
Q

How many hydrogen ions are released into the mitochondrial matrix from oxidation of 1NADH ?

A

6

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30
Q

How many hydrogen ions are released into the mitochondrial matrix from oxidation of 1FAD(2)H ?

A

4

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31
Q

What is the name of the protein that generates ATP & through which H+ ions move down their concentration & electrochemical gradient?

A

ATP synthase

32
Q

Which produces more energy

1) Oxidation of NADH
2) Oxidation of FAD(2)H?

A
  • oxidation of NADH
33
Q

WHAT 2 MOLECULES CAN STOP O2 BINDING TO HB & INHIBIT THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN?

A

CYANIDE & CARBON MONOXIDE

34
Q

HOW DO UNCOUPLERS WORK?

A

INCREASE PERMEABILITY OF MEMBRANE TO H+
= DECREASED H+ GRADIENT
- NO OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION VIA ATP SYNTHASE

35
Q

GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF UNCOUPLERS

A

DINITROPHENOL
DINITROCRESOL
FATTY ACIDS

36
Q

What is the name of the naturally occurring uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue?

A

Thermogenin (UCP1)

37
Q

What activates UCP1 UNCOUPLING PROTEIN?

A

FATTY ACIDS

38
Q

WHAT IS UCP1 PROTEIN?
WHERE IS IT FOUND?
WHAT DOES IT GENERATE?

A

UNCOUPLING PROTEIN FOUND IN BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE WHICH IS USED TO GENERATE HEAT.

39
Q

HOW MANY MOLES OF ATP ARE FORMED PER ONE MOLE OF GLUCOSE?

A

32 MOLES

40
Q

Do fatty acids cross the blood brain barrier easily?

A

No

41
Q

Where are triacylglycerol stored?

A

Adipose tissue

42
Q

How do fatty acids travel in the blood ?

A

Albumin

43
Q

What is linolenic acid?

A

Essential fatty acid

44
Q

Are essential fatty acids saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

45
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

Contains only signal bond between carbo atoms

46
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Contains one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

47
Q

Where are fatty acids activated and what do they link to become activated?

A

Cytoplasm

Coenzyme A

48
Q

Why vitamin is Coenzyme A derived from ?

A

B5

49
Q

How is fatty acyl-coA transported into the mitochondria?

A

Converted to acyl carnitine

Enters mitochondria via carnitine shuttle transporter

50
Q

What inhibits carnitine shuttle transporter?

A

Malonyl - CoA

51
Q

What is the carnitine shuttle transporter?

A

Transporter on outer mitochondrial membrane though which fatty acyl-CoA enters for fatty acid oxidation to commence.

52
Q

What type of oxidation do fatty acids go through in the mitochondria ?

A

Beta oxidation

53
Q

Which cells can beta oxidation not occur in?

A

BRAIN
RBC
WBC

54
Q

What is the end product of carbohydrate, fatty acid, alcohol and some amino acid metabolism ?

A

Acetyl coA

55
Q

Which vitamin does coA contain?

A

B5

56
Q

What is panthenoic acid ?

A

Vitamin b5

57
Q

Is vitamin B5 water soluble or lipid soluble ?

A

Water soluble

58
Q

What 3 things can be biosynthesised from acetyl -coA ?

A
  • fatty acids
  • co2 (if enters TCA cycles)
  • HMG (hydroxymethyl glutaric acid)
59
Q

What are the 3 ketone bodies produced in the body?

A

Acetoacetate
Acetone
Beta hydroxybutyrate

60
Q

What is normal plasma ketone body concentration

A

<1mM

61
Q

In what conditions can ketone body concentration in the plasma rise?

A
  • starvation: physiological ketosis

- untreated type 1 dm : pathological ketosis

62
Q

What is the plasma concentration of ketone bodies in physiological ketosis?

A

2-10mM

63
Q

What is the plasma concentration of ketone bodies in pathological ketosis?

A

> 10mM

64
Q

WHERE ARE KETONE BODIES SYNTHESISED?

A

LIVER

65
Q

Which enzyme converts HMG-coA to mevalonate?

A

HMG-coA reductase

66
Q

What is mevalonate?

A

Substrate for cholesterol formation

67
Q

Which enzyme is inhibited by statins?

What reaction does it inhibit

A

HMG-COA REDUCTASE

HMG-COA to mevalonate (which eventually becomes cholesterol)

68
Q

What can HMG-CoA form in high energy levels ?

What can HMG-CoA form in low energy levels ?

A

High energy - cholesterol

Low energy - ketone bodies (acetoacetate which can become b-hydroxybutyrate + acetone).

69
Q

What reaction does the enzyme lyase catalyse?

A

HMG-coA to acetoacetate (ketone body)

70
Q

What are the 2 regulatory enzymes in the TCA cycle?

A

ISOCITRATE dehydrogenase

Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

71
Q

If there is a high insulin:glucagon ratio what happens to

  • lyase
  • HMG-coA reductase ?
A

Lyase - inhibited

Hmg-coA reductase - activated

72
Q

If there is a low insulin:glucagon ratio what happens to

  • lyase
  • HMG-coA reductase ?
A

Lyase: activated

Hmg-coA reductase - inhibited

73
Q

What is ketonuria?

A

Ketone body plasma concentration is above the renal threshold so they are excreted in the urine.

74
Q

Increased acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutyrate can lead to what condition?

A

Ketoacidosis

75
Q

What are 2 ways in which excessive ketone bodies are removed from the body?

A

1) urine if above renal threshold

2) acetone excreted from lungs

Metabolism (4 decks)

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