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Metabolism > 1. Nutrition, Diet & Body Weight > Flashcards

1. Nutrition, Diet & Body Weight Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism ?

A

Chemical processes that occur in a living organism to maintain life

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2
Q

What type of metabolism pathways are there?

A
  • oxidative
  • fuel, storage & mobilisation
  • biosynthetic
  • detoxification
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3
Q

What is a catabolic process?

A

Break down molecules

Release energy in from of a reducing power

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4
Q

What is an anabolic process?

A

Use energy to make large molecules

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5
Q

In the body which form is energy mainly in?

A

Chemical

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6
Q

What is energy needed for in the body?

A
  • biosynthesis
  • active transport
  • muscle contraction
  • Nervous conduction
  • osmotic work in kidney
  • thermogenesis
  • detoxification
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7
Q

Which phosphate contains the energy for reactions in ATP?

A

Gamma phosphate - last one.

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8
Q

What is the name of the bond that stores energy in ATP?

A

Phosphodiester bond between beta and gamma phosphate group

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9
Q

How is energy stored?

A

Glycogen

Fat

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10
Q

What molecules can undergo oxidation to release ATP?

A

Lipids
Carbohydrates
Protein (last resort)
Alcohol (no ideal - can damage liver)

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11
Q

What is the standard international (SI) unit of food energy ?

A

KILOJOULE (KJ)

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12
Q

If a drink can states the drink contains “100 cal” what does it actually mean?

A

Drink can 100kcal

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13
Q

What is the definition of 1 kcal of energy ?

A

Amount of energy needed to raise temp of one kg of water by one Celsius

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14
Q

What many KJ in 1kcal?

A

1kcal = 4.2kj

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15
Q

Approximately how many kg of food does an average person eat a year ?

A

500kg

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16
Q

What nutritional groups do we obtain from our food?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • protein
  • fat
  • minerals
  • vitamins
  • water
  • fibre
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17
Q

Name 2 micronutrients ?

A

Vitamins

Minerals

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18
Q

Why is fibre in the diet important?

A

Maintaining normal GI function

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19
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Single sugar unit

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20
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 units of sugar

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21
Q

What is an oligosaccharide ?

A

3-12 units of sugar

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22
Q

What is a polysaccharide ?

A

10-1000 units of sugar

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23
Q

Name a disaccharide? What is it composed off?

A

Sucrose

One molecule of glucose + one molecule of fructose

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24
Q

Name an oligosaccharide ?

A

Dextrin

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25
Q

Name 3 polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose

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26
Q

How many carbon atoms do monosaccharides contain?

A

Between 3 & 9

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27
Q

What is a Triose sugar ?

A

A monosaccharide containing 3 atoms

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28
Q

What is a pentose sugar?

A

A monosaccharide containing 5 carbons

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29
Q

What is a hexose sugar?

A

A monosaccharide containing 6 carbons

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30
Q

What type of sugar is glucose ?

A

HEXOSE sugar

Monosaccharide containing 6 carbons

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31
Q

What type of carbohydrate is starch?

A

Polysaccharide

Polymer of glucose

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32
Q

What type of sugar is sucrose?

A

Disaccharide

Glucose + fructose

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33
Q

What type of sugar is lactose?

A

Disaccharide
Glucose + galactose
Milk sugar

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34
Q

What type of sugar is fructose?

A

Monosaccharide

Found in fruit

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35
Q

What is the predominant sugar in the body?

A

Glucose

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36
Q

What type of sugar is maltose ?

A

Disaccharide

Glucose + glucose

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37
Q

What type of carbohydrate is glycogen?

A

Polysaccharide

Polymer of glucose

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38
Q

What type of carbohydrate is cellulose and where is it found?

A

Polysaccharide
Polymer of glucose
Storage molecule in plants

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39
Q

Can cellulose be used by humans as an energy source? Why?

A

No because the polysaccharide contains 1-4 beta glucose bonds.
Humans do not have cellulases to break it down.

40
Q

What is the difference between glycogen and cellulose?

A

Glycogen contains alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds

Cellulose contains beta 1-4 glucose bones

41
Q

How many essential amino acids are there ?

A

9

42
Q

What are the 9 essential animo acids?

A 
Isoleucine
Lysine 
Threonine 
Histidine 
Leucine 
Methionine 
Phenylalanine 
Tryptophan 
Valine
43
Q

Which 3 amino acids are conditionally essential ?

Give 2 examples when they may be needed also from the diet ?

A

Arginine
Tyrosine
Cysteine

Pregnancy & in children

44
Q

What are conditionally essential amino acids?

A

Amino acids that are needed at a higher rate than the body is able to produce them so can be obtained from the diet.

45
Q

What are lipids composed of?

A

Triacylglycerols

46
Q

What are triacylgylcerols composted of?

A

3 fatty acids

1 glycerol

47
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

48
Q

Which contains the least oxygen from carbohydrates, fat, protein?

A

Fat

49
Q

Which yields the most energy when oxidised - fat, carbohydrate, proteins?

A

Fat

50
Q

What are the essential fatty acids and what food can they come from?

A

Linoleic
Linoleic acid

Fish oil

51
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid chain?

A

No double bonds in fatty acid chain

More liquid at room temperature

52
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid chain?

A

Chain that has double bonds

Tends to be solid at room temperature

53
Q

What’s are trans fatty acid?

A

Artificial fatty acids made by manufactures so add favourable properties to products.
- hydrogens are on opposite sides of double carbon bond

54
Q

Which minerals are essential for structure ?

A

Calcium & phosphorus

55
Q

What are the 3 main electrolytes in the body?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride

56
Q

In a heathy patient how much na+, k+, cl- should be given in IV fluids?

A

1mmol/kg (px weight)/day

For each electrolyte

57
Q

How can you calculate how much water a person should be drinking ?

A

30ml/kg (px weight)/day

58
Q

Which minerals do we need in the body?

A 
Calcium
Magnesium 
Phosphorus 
Sulphur 
Iron
59
Q

Is calcium a mineral or an electrolyte?

A

Mineral

60
Q

What are the trace minerals found in the body?

And what is their main function ?

A

Copper
Zinc
Iodine
Selenium

Act as co-factors for enzymes

61
Q

What are ultratrace minerals found in the body?

A

Chromium
Manganese
Molybdenum

62
Q

Vitamin A deficiently can cause ?

A

Xerophthalmia

63
Q

Vitamin D deficiency can cause?

A

Rickets

64
Q

Vitamins E Deficiency can cause ?

A

Neurological abnormalities

65
Q

Vitamin k deficiency can cause?

A

Abnormal blood clotting

66
Q

What is Thiamin?

And deficiency can lead to ?

A

Vitamin B1

Beriberi

67
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to?

A

Anaemia

68
Q

Vitamin B6 deficiency can lead to?

A

Dermatitis & Anaemia

69
Q

Vitamin C deficiency can lead to ?

A

Scurvy

70
Q

Deficiency of vitamin choline can lead to?

A

Liver damage

71
Q

Folate deficiency can lead to?

A

Neural tube defects

Anaemia

72
Q

Niacin deficiency can lead to?

A

Pellagra - diarrhoea, dementia, dermatitis

73
Q

What are some examples of dietary fibres?

A

Cellulose
Lignin
Pectins
Gums

74
Q

Can dietary fibres be broken down in side human body to be used for nutrition ? Why?

A

No because humans don’t contain enzyme that break down their beta 1-4 bonds

75
Q

What is the recommended intake of fibre?

A

18g/day

76
Q

What can low fibre intake cause?

A

Constipation

Bowel cancer

77
Q

Why is a high fibre diet beneficial ?

A

Maintains function of GI tract
Reduces cholesterol
Reduces risk of diabetes

78
Q

How does fibre reduce cholesterol in blood ?

A
  • cholesterol used to produce bile salts

- fibre removes cholesterol and bile salts via faeces

79
Q

What is Reference nutrient intake?

A

Dietary requirement values for protein, vitamins & minerals

80
Q

What is “estimated average requirements”?

A

Dietary reference values for energy

81
Q

When is a safe intake used as a dietary reference value?

A

Used when there is insufficient data

82
Q

What is energy expenditure of average 70KJ male ?

A

12,000/day

83
Q

What is energy expenditure of average 58kg adult female?

A

9500kj per day

84
Q

How is daily energy expenditure calculated?

A

Sum of

1) basal metabolic rate - maintaining resting cell activity, body temp
2) diet-induced thermogenesis - energy required to process food
3) physical activity level

85
Q

What is most of our basal metabolism used for ?

A

Skeletal muscle basal tone

86
Q

What can increase basal metabolic rate?

A

Male gender
Increase in temp
Hyperthyroidism

87
Q

How much energy per gram can be obtained from fat?

A

37kj per gram

88
Q

How much energy per gram can be obtained from alcohol?

A

29kj/g

89
Q

How much energy per gram can be obtained from protein?

A

17kj/per

90
Q

How much energy per gram can be obtained from carbohydrate?

A

17kj/g

91
Q

Approximately how many days worth of energy do we have stored in adipose tissue?

A

40 days worth

92
Q

If obese what is the BMI

A

> 30kg/m^2

93
Q

What are the units for BMI

A

Kg/m^2

94
Q

What is the condition that leads to malnutrition as a result of insufficient protein?

A

Kwashiorkor

95
Q

What is normal fasting plasma glucose levels

A

3.3-6 mmol/L

Metabolism (4 decks)

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