1. Nutrition, Diet & Body Weight Flashcards
1
Q
What is metabolism ?
A
Chemical processes that occur in a living organism to maintain life
2
Q
What type of metabolism pathways are there?
A
- oxidative
- fuel, storage & mobilisation
- biosynthetic
- detoxification
3
Q
What is a catabolic process?
A
Break down molecules
Release energy in from of a reducing power
4
Q
What is an anabolic process?
A
Use energy to make large molecules
5
Q
In the body which form is energy mainly in?
A
Chemical
6
Q
What is energy needed for in the body?
A
- biosynthesis
- active transport
- muscle contraction
- Nervous conduction
- osmotic work in kidney
- thermogenesis
- detoxification
7
Q
Which phosphate contains the energy for reactions in ATP?
A
Gamma phosphate - last one.
8
Q
What is the name of the bond that stores energy in ATP?
A
Phosphodiester bond between beta and gamma phosphate group
9
Q
How is energy stored?
A
Glycogen
Fat
10
Q
What molecules can undergo oxidation to release ATP?
A
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Protein (last resort)
Alcohol (no ideal - can damage liver)
11
Q
What is the standard international (SI) unit of food energy ?
A
KILOJOULE (KJ)
12
Q
If a drink can states the drink contains “100 cal” what does it actually mean?
A
Drink can 100kcal
13
Q
What is the definition of 1 kcal of energy ?
A
Amount of energy needed to raise temp of one kg of water by one Celsius
14
Q
What many KJ in 1kcal?
A
1kcal = 4.2kj
15
Q
Approximately how many kg of food does an average person eat a year ?
A
500kg
16
Q
What nutritional groups do we obtain from our food?
A
- carbohydrates
- protein
- fat
- minerals
- vitamins
- water
- fibre
17
Q
Name 2 micronutrients ?
A
Vitamins
Minerals
18
Q
Why is fibre in the diet important?
A
Maintaining normal GI function
19
Q
What are monosaccharides?
A
Single sugar unit
20
Q
What is a disaccharide?
A
2 units of sugar
21
Q
What is an oligosaccharide ?
A
3-12 units of sugar
22
Q
What is a polysaccharide ?
A
10-1000 units of sugar
23
Q
Name a disaccharide? What is it composed off?
A
Sucrose
One molecule of glucose + one molecule of fructose
24
Q
Name an oligosaccharide ?
A
Dextrin
25
Name 3 polysaccharides?
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
26
How many carbon atoms do monosaccharides contain?
Between 3 & 9
27
What is a Triose sugar ?
A monosaccharide containing 3 atoms
28
What is a pentose sugar?
A monosaccharide containing 5 carbons
29
What is a hexose sugar?
A monosaccharide containing 6 carbons
30
What type of sugar is glucose ?
HEXOSE sugar
| Monosaccharide containing 6 carbons
31
What type of carbohydrate is starch?
Polysaccharide
| Polymer of glucose
32
What type of sugar is sucrose?
Disaccharide
| Glucose + fructose
33
What type of sugar is lactose?
Disaccharide
Glucose + galactose
Milk sugar
34
What type of sugar is fructose?
Monosaccharide
| Found in fruit
35
What is the predominant sugar in the body?
Glucose
36
What type of sugar is maltose ?
Disaccharide
| Glucose + glucose
37
What type of carbohydrate is glycogen?
Polysaccharide
| Polymer of glucose
38
What type of carbohydrate is cellulose and where is it found?
Polysaccharide
Polymer of glucose
Storage molecule in plants
39
Can cellulose be used by humans as an energy source? Why?
No because the polysaccharide contains 1-4 beta glucose bonds.
Humans do not have cellulases to break it down.
40
What is the difference between glycogen and cellulose?
Glycogen contains alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds
| Cellulose contains beta 1-4 glucose bones
41
How many essential amino acids are there ?
9
42
What are the 9 essential animo acids?
```
Isoleucine
Lysine
Threonine
Histidine
Leucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Valine
```
43
Which 3 amino acids are conditionally essential ?
| Give 2 examples when they may be needed also from the diet ?
Arginine
Tyrosine
Cysteine
Pregnancy & in children
44
What are conditionally essential amino acids?
Amino acids that are needed at a higher rate than the body is able to produce them so can be obtained from the diet.
45
What are lipids composed of?
Triacylglycerols
46
What are triacylgylcerols composted of?
3 fatty acids
| 1 glycerol
47
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
48
Which contains the least oxygen from carbohydrates, fat, protein?
Fat
49
Which yields the most energy when oxidised - fat, carbohydrate, proteins?
Fat
50
What are the essential fatty acids and what food can they come from?
Linoleic
Linoleic acid
Fish oil
51
What is a saturated fatty acid chain?
No double bonds in fatty acid chain
| More liquid at room temperature
52
What is an unsaturated fatty acid chain?
Chain that has double bonds
| Tends to be solid at room temperature
53
What's are trans fatty acid?
Artificial fatty acids made by manufactures so add favourable properties to products.
- hydrogens are on opposite sides of double carbon bond
54
Which minerals are essential for structure ?
Calcium & phosphorus
55
What are the 3 main electrolytes in the body?
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
56
In a heathy patient how much na+, k+, cl- should be given in IV fluids?
1mmol/kg (px weight)/day
| For each electrolyte
57
How can you calculate how much water a person should be drinking ?
30ml/kg (px weight)/day
58
Which minerals do we need in the body?
```
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Iron
```
59
Is calcium a mineral or an electrolyte?
Mineral
60
What are the trace minerals found in the body?
| And what is their main function ?
Copper
Zinc
Iodine
Selenium
Act as co-factors for enzymes
61
What are ultratrace minerals found in the body?
Chromium
Manganese
Molybdenum
62
Vitamin A deficiently can cause ?
Xerophthalmia
63
Vitamin D deficiency can cause?
Rickets
64
Vitamins E Deficiency can cause ?
Neurological abnormalities
65
Vitamin k deficiency can cause?
Abnormal blood clotting
66
What is Thiamin?
| And deficiency can lead to ?
Vitamin B1
| Beriberi
67
Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to?
Anaemia
68
Vitamin B6 deficiency can lead to?
Dermatitis & Anaemia
69
Vitamin C deficiency can lead to ?
Scurvy
70
Deficiency of vitamin choline can lead to?
Liver damage
71
Folate deficiency can lead to?
Neural tube defects
| Anaemia
72
Niacin deficiency can lead to?
Pellagra - diarrhoea, dementia, dermatitis
73
What are some examples of dietary fibres?
Cellulose
Lignin
Pectins
Gums
74
Can dietary fibres be broken down in side human body to be used for nutrition ? Why?
No because humans don't contain enzyme that break down their beta 1-4 bonds
75
What is the recommended intake of fibre?
18g/day
76
What can low fibre intake cause?
Constipation
| Bowel cancer
77
Why is a high fibre diet beneficial ?
Maintains function of GI tract
Reduces cholesterol
Reduces risk of diabetes
78
How does fibre reduce cholesterol in blood ?
- cholesterol used to produce bile salts
| - fibre removes cholesterol and bile salts via faeces
79
What is Reference nutrient intake?
Dietary requirement values for protein, vitamins & minerals
80
What is "estimated average requirements"?
Dietary reference values for energy
81
When is a safe intake used as a dietary reference value?
Used when there is insufficient data
82
What is energy expenditure of average 70KJ male ?
12,000/day
83
What is energy expenditure of average 58kg adult female?
9500kj per day
84
How is daily energy expenditure calculated?
Sum of
1) basal metabolic rate - maintaining resting cell activity, body temp
2) diet-induced thermogenesis - energy required to process food
3) physical activity level
85
What is most of our basal metabolism used for ?
Skeletal muscle basal tone
86
What can increase basal metabolic rate?
Male gender
Increase in temp
Hyperthyroidism
87
How much energy per gram can be obtained from fat?
37kj per gram
88
How much energy per gram can be obtained from alcohol?
29kj/g
89
How much energy per gram can be obtained from protein?
17kj/per
90
How much energy per gram can be obtained from carbohydrate?
17kj/g
91
Approximately how many days worth of energy do we have stored in adipose tissue?
40 days worth
92
If obese what is the BMI
>30kg/m^2
93
What are the units for BMI
Kg/m^2
94
What is the condition that leads to malnutrition as a result of insufficient protein?
Kwashiorkor
95
What is normal fasting plasma glucose levels
3.3-6 mmol/L
