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History (French Revolution) - Evidence > 3. Emergence and Spread of the Terror > Flashcards

3. Emergence and Spread of the Terror Flashcards

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1
Q

When was France declared to be a Republic? - The Terror

A

France was declared to be a Republic on the 22nd September 1792

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2
Q

When was the Edict of Fraternity issued? What did this declare? - The Terror

A

The Edict of Fraternity was issued on the 19th November 1792. This promised assistance to all people who wished to recover their liberty.

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3
Q

When was the Amoire de Fer discovered? What was this? - The Terror

A

The Amoire de Fer was discovered on the 20th November 1792, a box full of letters from Louis to the Austrian Royal Family, evidence of his counter-revolutionary activities.

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4
Q

What was the appel nominal? Why was it used? - The Terror

A

The appel nominal was a system devised by Marat whereby each deputy would have to cast their vote on Louis’ fate publicly in order to increase accountability.

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5
Q

How many people voted in favour of Louis’ guilt at the trial? How many voted against? - The Terror

A

693 deputies voted for Louis’ guilt in the Assembly, with no deputies voting against this.

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6
Q

How many deputies voted for Louis to be put to death immediately at his sentencing? What majority was this? - The Terror

A

361 deputies voted for Louis to be put to death immediately at his sentencing, with this being a majority of only one vote.

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7
Q

When was Louis executed? - The Terror

A

Louis was executed on the 21st January 1793.

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8
Q

When did France declare war on the United Provinces and Britain? - The Terror

A

France declared war on the United Provinces and Britain in February 1793.

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9
Q

In what month and year were Mainz and Frankfurt taken by the French and did the Prussians retreat from Verdun and Longwy? - The Terror

A

Mainz and Frankfurt were taken by the French and the Prussians withdrew from Verdun and Longwy in October 1792.

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10
Q

In what month and year did France annex the Republic of Mainz? - The Terror

A

France annexed the Republic of Mainz in March 1793.

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11
Q

In what month and year did the Republic of Mainz fall? - The Terror

A

The Republic of Mainz fell in July 1793.

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12
Q

When did the uprising in the Vendée take place from-until? Why was the Vendée a prime area for anti-republican sentiment? - The Terror

A

The Vendée uprising took place from March-December 1793. This was a prime area for this due to it being a strongly Catholic and conservative area, as well as having many refractory priests. Living costs and conditions had also worsened since 1789.

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13
Q

What Convention decree triggered the Vendée Uprising? How did the Vendéeans respond? - The Terror

A

The Vendée Uprising was triggered by a levy for 300,000 men by the Convention. The Vendéeans responded by forming a Catholic and Royal Army.

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14
Q

How many men did the Convention send to the Vendée in May to attempt to control the rebellion? - The Terror

A

The Convention sent 30,000 men to the Vendée in May 1793 to attempt to control the rebellion.

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15
Q

When did the Convention decree the destruction of the Vendée? - The Terror

A

The Destruction of the Vendée was decreed on the 1st August 1793, leading to mass attacks on the region to suppress any revolts.

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16
Q

When was the CGS established? What were its powers? - The Terror

A

The CGS was established in October 1792, given powers over policing and the administration of justice. It was to report to the National Convention.

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17
Q

What were the roles of representatives on mission? - The Terror

A

Representatives on mission were intended to ensure the loyal and effective functioning of France’s départements. They were supposed to maintain order, arrest suspects, control supplies of goods and guarantee the morale of troops.

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18
Q

When was a revolutionary law passed concerning the execution of rebels? What did this law determine? - The Terror

A

A law was passed in March 1793 decreeing that all rebels bearing arms could be put to death within 24 hours of arrest without appeal.

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19
Q

When was the CPS set up? What were its roles? - The Terror

A

The CPS was set up in April 1793, intended to oversee the progress of the war effort. This included overseeing diplomacy, control of supplies, control of the army and application of revolutionary wars.

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20
Q

By what percentage had food prices risen by from 1791 to 1793? - The Terror

A

Food prices had risen by 90% between 1791 and 1793.

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21
Q

When did the Girondins produce an indictment for the arrest of Marat? What was Marat charged with and what was the outcome of this? - The Terror

A

The Girondins produced an indictment for the arrest of Marat in April 1793 on charges of inciting murder, pillage and attacking the Convention’s authority. He was acquitted of these charges.

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22
Q

When did the Expulsion of the Girondins from the Convention take place? - The Terror

A

The Girondins were forced from the Convention on the 2nd June 1793.

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23
Q

How many sans-culottes gathered at the Convention on the 2nd June 1793, demanding the expulsion of the Girondins? - The Terror

A

80,000-100,000 sans-culottes gathered at the Convention on the 2nd June in demanding the expulsion of the Girondins.

24
Q

When did the Federalist Revolt last from-until? Which areas were involved? - The Terror

A

The Federalist Revolution lasted from May-December 1793, with areas such as Toulon, Lyons and Marseilles involved in this.

25
Q

How many of the 83 départements in France participated in the Federalist Revolt? - The Terror

A

60/83 départements in France were involved with the Federalist Revolt.

26
Q

Why did Toulon pose such a major threat as a participant in the Federalist Revolt? - The Terror

A

Toulon was a threat as part of the Federalist Revolt as it welcomed Spanish and English troops into the port, which housed 1/3 of France’s navy.

27
Q

What rights were granted by the Jacobin Constitution? - The Terror

A

The Jacobin Constitution granted universal male suffrage, the ability for direct political action to all men and the right for all citizens to have access to public assistance.

28
Q

When was a decree made for a levée en masse? - The Terror

A

A decree was made for a levée en masse on the 23rd August 1793.

29
Q

How were different groups involved within the levée en masse? (Men, Women, Children, Elderly) - The Terror

A

Men were to give military service or work in the manufacture of weapons and supplies, women were to serve in hospitals, children would shred linen, the old would come to public spaces to encourage Republican sentiment and encourage soldiers.

30
Q

How did Carnot and Saint-Just change those in command of the War? Who are examples of this? - The Terror

A

Carnot and Saint-Just oversaw the replacement of aristocratic generals with non-noble, younger generals who were committed to the revolution. Examples of this include Jourdan and Hoche.

31
Q

How big was France’s army by 1794? - The Terror

A

By 1794, France had over 1 million men in the army.

32
Q

How many generals were executed in 1793? - The Terror

A

1793 saw the execution of 17 generals in France.

33
Q

In what month/year did the siege of Dunkirk begin, Republican troops crush rebels in Marseilles and the British enter Toulon? - The Terror

A

The Siege of Dunkirk, the fall of the rebels in Marseille and the British entering Toulon all happened in August 1793.

34
Q

In what month/year did the siege of Toulon end? - The Terror

A

The Siege of Toulon ended in September 1793.

35
Q

In what month/year did Republicans take Marseille and Lyons? - The Terror

A

Republicans took Marseille and Lyons in October 1793.

36
Q

What were the armées révolutionnaires and when were they established? - The Terror

A

The armées révolutionnaires were sans-culotte paramilitary groups tasked with attacking grain hoarders and forcing farmers to surrender grain. They were established in September 1793.

37
Q

When was the Law of Suspects passed? What did this determine? - The Terror

A

The Law of Suspects was passed on the 17th September 1793. This oversaw the creation of a revolutionary tribunal and changed the definition of a suspect to anyone creating suspicion from their writings, conduct or relationships.

38
Q

When was the Law of the General Maximum passed? What did this determine? - The Terror

A

The Law of the General Maximum was passed on the 29th September 1793, determining that there would be maximum prices for grain, flour, meat, oil and other goods.

39
Q

When was the Law of the General Maximum passed? What did this determine? - The Terror

A

The Law of the General Maximum was passed in September 1793, determining that a maximum price would be imposed on grain, flour, meat, oil and other goods, with this being the price in 1790 + 1/3.

40
Q

How many victims of the Terror were there between 1792 and 1794? - The Terror

A

The Terror had 40,000 victims between 1792 and 1794.

41
Q

What percentage of early executions in the Terror came from the Nobility? - The Terror

A

Early executions in the Terror only saw 9% of victims from the nobility.

42
Q

How many people were executed in the Vendée throughout the Terror? What methods were used? - The Terror

A

The Vendée saw 7873 executions throughout the Terror, with the guillotine, shootings and mass drownings used as methods of execution.

43
Q

When did dechristianisation become an official policy of the Paris Commune? What did this involve? - The Terror

A

Dechristianisation became an official Commune policy in October 1793, with religious statues, crosses and religious ornaments either removed or vandalised.

44
Q

When was the Festival of Reason held? What happened and where? - The Terror

A

The Festival of Reason was held in November 1793, with this held in the Temple of Reason at Notre Dame. A singer was paraded as a figure representing Liberty and was attended to by young maidens.

45
Q

How many clerics were there in Paris before and after dechristianisation? - The Terror

A

There were 6000 clerics in Paris before dechristianisation, whereas afterwards there were only a few hundred.

46
Q

What was the Law of 14 Frimaire II? What did it determine? - The Terror

A

The Law of 14 Frimaire II gave the CPS powers over representatives on mission, local government, ministers and generals, whilst it also disbanded popular societies and patriotic clubs.

47
Q

How did the Law of 14 Frimaire II diminish the influence of Sans-Culottes? - The Terror

A

The Law of 14 Frimaire II abolished patriotic societies and popular groups, diminishing the potential for sans-culottes to influence political activity.

48
Q

What were the arguments of Hébertists and Indulgents against Robespierre respectively? - The Terror

A

Hébertists - wanted to remove Robespierre from power, likening his rule to a dictatorship.
Indulgents - wished to de-escalate the Terror, arguing it has served its propose in stabilising the internal and external situation.

49
Q

What was the fate of the Hébertists following their opposition to Robespierre? - The Terror

A

The Hébertists were put to death in March 1794 following rumours of a plot to massacre members of the National Convention.

50
Q

What was the fate of the Indulgents following their opposition to Robespierre? - The Terror

A

The Indulgents were also executed following allegations that Danton and Desmoulins had been involved in financial bribery and corruption. They were executed in April 1794.

51
Q

When was the Cult of the Supreme being established? What was this? - The Terror

A

The Cult of the Supreme Being was established in March 1794, a deist inspiration which was intended to give French people structure and order which had been lacking since dechristianisation.

52
Q

What was the Law of 22 Prairial? What did this determine? - The Terror

A

The Law of 22 Prairial closed down provincial revolutionary tribunals and centralised justice in Paris, justice was reduced to no more than 3 days, trials would have no witnesses or defence, trials had only 2 verdicts (death or innocence).

53
Q

When was the Law of 22 Prairial passed? - The Terror

A

The Law of 22 Prairial was passed in May 1794.

54
Q

When was the Great Terror? How many people were executed in this period? - The Terror

A

The Great Terror was from June-July 1794, with 1284 people put to death within this period.

55
Q

What percentage of victims of the Great Terror were from the nobility? What percentage were from the bourgeoisie? - The Terror

A

35% of the victims of the Great Terror were from the nobility, whilst 40% were from the bourgeoisie. Much more class based.

56
Q

When was the Coup of Thermidor? - The Terror

A

The Coup of Thermidor was on the 27th July 1794.

History (French Revolution) - Evidence (3 decks)

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