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C - Parasitology > 3 Dicrocoeliosis of ruminants (Family Dicrocoelidae: Dicrocoelium, Eurytrema, Platynosomum) > Flashcards

3 Dicrocoeliosis of ruminants (Family Dicrocoelidae: Dicrocoelium, Eurytrema, Platynosomum) Flashcards

1
Q

Dicrocoeliidae
General Morphology

A
  • Size: 6-10mm
  • Attachment organs: os + acet, anterior end, well developed
  • Genital pore: anterior to acet.
  • Ovary: posterior to testes
  • Testes: Oblique position
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2
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
IH

A

Has 2 IH
1. Land snail
2. Ant

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3
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
FH

A

Ruminants (Sheep most often)
Horse
Rabbit
Camels
Man

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4
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Location

A

Adult: Bile ducts, gall bladder, pancreas
Juvenile: small bile ducts

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5
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Eggs

A
  • Small
  • Oval
  • 2x thin shells w/operculum
  • Embryonated with Miracidium
  • Dark brown
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6
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Morphology

A

Compared to F. hepatica
* Slender
* More transparent
* Smaller

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7
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
LC

A
  1. Embryonated eggs pass with feces into environment
  2. Egg is ingested by land snail and Miracidium hatches in the intestine
  3. Miracidium penetrated the gut wall and becomes Sporocyst
  4. Sporocyst produces daughter sporocysts which develope Cercaria
  5. Cercaria leave the daughter sporocyst and accumulate in mantle where mucus is secreated from
  6. Cercaria are enceloped in a slime formina a slime ball, that are deposited on vegetation
  7. Slime balls are eaten by Ants (2nd IH) and Metaceercaria encyst in the body cavity
  8. Few of the cercaria will migrate to subesophageal ganglion and encyst there - altering the ants behaviour
  9. When temperature in the evening drops, infected ants climb to the tips of grasses and hang there by their madibles
  10. FH can more easily ingest them.
  11. In FH: excyst in the intestine and migrate up to bile ducts via ductus choledochus (no liver migration)
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8
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Epidemiology

A
  • IH do not need moist environment
  • Eggs can survive up to 1 year on dry pasture
  • Infection of snails and ants occur in summer, autum, spring
  • Peak risk for FH in spring, but occurs whole grazing season
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9
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Pathogenesis

A
  • Enlargement of bilary duct
  • Cirrhosis and hypertrophy of biliary epithelium
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10
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Clinical signs

A

Only observed when there is large number
* Anemia
* Emaciation
* Decreased production (wool, milk)

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11
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Diagnosis

A
  • Fecal examination - Sedimentation
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12
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Treatment

A

Administrated Orally
* Albendazole (2x 15mg/kg)
* Fenbendazole (5x 20mg/kg)
* Netobimin (20mg/kg Cattle)
* Praziquantel (50mg/kg)

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13
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Prevention

A
  • Molluscicide - reduce snail population
  • Keeping pasture free of debris (bords, burlap bags)
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14
Q

Eurytrema
Main species

A
  • Eurytrema pancreaticum
  • Eurytrema coelomaticum
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15
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum
IH

A

Has 2 IH
1. Land snail - Bradybaena
2. Grasshopper - Conocephalus sp.

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16
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum
FH

A

Ruminants

Herbivores in general

17
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum
Location

A
  • Pancreas, bile ducts, duodenum
18
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum
Morphology

A

Size: 10-18mm
Shape: Broad and oval
Attachment organs: They are large and os is larger than acet.

19
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum
LC

A
  1. Embryonated eggs are released with feces into environment
  2. Egg is ingested by snail
  3. In IH: Miracidium to Sporpcyst to Cercaria
  4. Cercaria enters environment (before dawn)
  5. Cercaria is ingeted by grasshopper - become Metacercaria
  6. Infective Metacercaria released into environment

Humans infected by eating salad

20
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum
Pathogenesis

A
  • Inflammation of pancreatic ducts, visible when opened (necropsy)
  • Fibrosis and atrophy of pancreas
21
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum
Clinical signs

A

Anorexia

22
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum
Treatment

A

Praziquantel

23
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum
Diagnosis

A

Sedimentation method (fecal sample)

24
Q

Platynosomum fastosum
Morphology

A

Size: Small 4-8mm
Similar to D. dendriticum except Testes are horizontal (side by side) not tandem

25
Q

Platynosomum fastosum
IH

A

Has 2 IH
1. Snail - Sublima octona
2. Lizards, toads, geckos

26
Q

Platynosomum fastosum
FH

A

Cat

27
Q

Platynosomum fastosum
Location

A

Bile and Pancreatic ducts

28
Q

Platynosomum fastosum
Clinical signs

A
  1. Temporary inappetance due to Hepatic dysfunction -Bile ducts may be dialated and duct epithelium desquamated
  2. Diarrhea, vomiting
  3. Icterus
  4. Death
29
Q

Platynosomum fastosum
Diagnosis

A

Sedimentation method

30
Q

Platynosomum fastosum
Treatment

A
  • Praziquantel (20mg/kg)
  • Nitroscanate (100mg/kg)

C - Parasitology (23 decks)

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