3. Cystic Fibrosis, Lung Cancer and Sleep Apnoea Flashcards
What is cystic fibrosis (2)
Inherited disorder
Caused by CFTR recessive gene (chromosome 7)
What does CFTR gene cause
Defect in cell chloride channels
Result of cystic fibrosis (what does the CFTR gene cause)
Excess sticky solid mucus (rather than rubbery) that traps bacteria
Organs mainly affected by cystic fibrosis (2)
Lungs
Pancreas
Cystic fibrosis diagnostic methods (2)
Perinatal testing (blood test at birth) Sweat test
What does a sweat test measure
Salt content of sweat
Difference in normal/cystic fibrosis sweat test
Cystic fibrosis - greater salt content in sweat
Major symptoms of cystic fibrosis (4)
Troublesome cough
Repeated chest infections
Prolonged diarrhoea
Poor weight gain
Minor symptoms of cystic fibrosis (4)
Liver dysfunction Prone to osteoporosis Diabetes symptoms (prolonged pancreas disease) Reduced fertility (mainly male)
Cystic fibrosis treatment (4)
Physiotherapy
Medication
Exercise
Transplantation
Role of cystic fibrosis physiotherapy
Remove mucus secretion from lungs
Types of medications used for cystic fibrosis treatment (4)
Bronchodilators (lungs - open airways)
Antibiotics - reduce chest infection frequency
Steroids - reduce airway inflammation
DNase - break down mucus
(Pancreatic enzyme replacement and nutritional supplements)
Role of exercise in cystic fibrosis treatment (2)
Maintain optimal lung function
Build physical bulk and strength
When is transplantation performed
During end stage lung disease (ESLD)
What is ESLD
Extensive fibrosis of lung tissue causing dysfunction
Types and frequency of lung tumours (4)
Squamous cell carcinoma (40%)
Small cell (25%)
Large cell (20%)
Adenocarcinoma (15%)
What lung tumour is associated with smoking
Squamous cell carcinoma
Effects of lung tumours (5)
Cough Haemoptysis (blood stained sputum) Pneumonia Metastasis - bone, liver, brain Other (dysphagia, SVC obstruction, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy)
Definition of sleep apnoea
Airway obstruction during sleep of a duration of 10s or greater
Why does sleep apnoea occur
Because the airway muscle tone drops
Effects of sleep apnoea
Increased risk of MI (low oxygen)
Types of sleep apnoea (2)
Obstructive (OSA)
Central sleep apnoea
(Mixed form is possible)
Measuring sleep apnoea
AHI - apnoea/hypopnoea index
<10 indicates few problems
Sleep apnoea treatment (2)
CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure
Mandibular advancement devices can be used if the tongue falls back and blocks the airway
