3 - CV disease

Question 1

what are some examples of cardiovascular disease?

Answer 1

• angina: lack of oxygen to the heart (ischemia)
• MI: heart attack
• heart failure: LVF, RVF, HFrEF, HFpEF
• hypertension
• cerebrovascular disease (stroke)

Question 2

what are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

Answer 2

involves both genetic and environmental factors “multi-factorial”

Question 3

what are the underlying causes for CVD?

Answer 3

arteriosclerosis - cholesterol, blood lipids
thrombosis - clotting factor mutation
others include: hypertension, metabolic syndrome, diabetes

Question 4

risk factors for CVD and CHD?

Answer 4

• family history
• gender
• age
• obesity
• lifestyle
• diet

Question 5

factors affecting lipoprotein levels?

Answer 5

• fat diet, type of fat
• dietary fibre
• protective components - antioxidants
• alcohol
• sugar, salt - reduce limit

Question 6

what are some examples of cholesterol lowering diets?

Answer 6

• Mediterranean diet
• DASH diet (dietary approaches to stop hypertension)

common features:

• more wholegrain, fruit, veges
• low fat dairy, lean flesh

Question 7

what are prenatal influences that can contribute to to CVD?

Answer 7

• barkers hypothesis
• intrauterine growth restriction
• Aggravated with high fat diet during post-natal life

Question 8

what are CVD clinical and laboratory tests?

Answer 8

• weight: BMI
• BP
• lipoprotein “blood lipids”
• metabolic risk factors - impaired fasting glucose

Question 9

what is a cardiac biomarker?

Answer 9

they are measured to evaluate heart function

• when a heat muscle cell dies after an MI, their cellular contents can be detected in the bloodstream
• troponin I or T are most specific for heart damage and are used in conjunction with heart-specific enzymes

Question 10

what is primary hyperlipidemia?

Answer 10

Inherited- familial

Question 11

what is secondary hyperlipidemia?

Answer 11

– environmental factors- diet, exercise, alcohol

– DM2, hypothyroidism