Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 2 > 1 - hypertension > Flashcards

1 - hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

what is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure with systolic pressure of 140mmHg or above and diastolic pressure of 90mmHg or above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

it is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what determines blood pressure?

A

cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is pulse pressure?

A

its the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure (120/80 has a pulse pressure of 40)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the mean arterial pressure? (MAP)

A

is the pressure that propels the blood through the tissues.

MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are factors causing an increase in MAP?

A

an increase in both cardiac output and peripheral resistance increase in BP and MAP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are factors that increase stroke volume and heart rate?

A

EDV = end diastolic volume - blood left in the left ventricle when the heart is fully relaxed.

ESV = end systolic volume - blood left in the left ventricle when the heart is fully contracted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how is BP regulated?

A
  • renin angiotensin aldosterone system
  • natriuretic peptide (ANP & BNP) release
  • antidiuretic hormone ADH & regulation of blood volume
  • renin is produced by the kidney, aldosterone retains salt and water in the kidneys, increasing blood volume & BP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

renal control of BP through the renin angiotensin aldosterone system

A
  • renin is released in response to low BP
  • renin then acts on the plasma protein angiotensin to form angiotensin I
  • angiotensin I is then converted into angiotensin II by an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the impacts of aldosterone release?

A
  • increase sodium reabsorption means increased water reabsorption (osmosis)
  • increased water reabsorption means increased blood volume
  • increased blood volume means increased BP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the impacts of natriuretic peptide (NP) release?

A
  • ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) helps to reduce BP
  • decrease in renin release & inhibits ADH & aldosterone release
  • a decrease in ADH & aldosterone will reduce water reabsorption & sodium retention, lowering blood volume and BP
  • decreased ang II also causes vasodilation & decrease BP
  • BNP equally important - released by ventricles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does regulation of sodium and water balance maintain BP?

A

the renin angiotensin system, the release of ADH and neural regulation via the sympathetic nervous system all helps maintain BP homeostasis

  • mechanisms don’t work alone, they are all interconnected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is primary/essential hypertension

A
  • no underlying cause
  • cannot be cured, but can be controlled
  • 90% cases of hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

factors that contribute to primary/essential hypertension

A
  • hereditary and environmental factors
  • diet, high salt intake
  • obesity
  • age, post 40 years
  • diabetes
  • stress
  • smoking, nicotine is a vasoconstrictor
  • excessive alcohol intake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how to control primary/essential hypertension

A
  • diet constrictions of salt and cholesterol
  • losing weight
  • stop smoking
  • reduce stress
  • you CANT change your genetics
  • you CAN change your lifestyle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is secondary hypertension

A 
10% of cases of hypertension
cause is identifiable 
- renal failure or obstruction of renal arteries 
- pregnancy
- hyperthyroidism
17
Q

how to treat secondary hypertension

A

correction is by resolving the cause and if treated the BP will return to normal

18
Q

what are the effects of hypertension on the body?

A
  • stroke
  • blood vessel damage
  • arteriosclerosis
  • heart attack or failure
  • kidney failure
19
Q

how does hypertension promotes atherosclerosis?

A
  • it damages the endothelium layer of the blood vessels
  • thickens arterial walls and decreases lumen
  • decreased lumen will increase peripheral resistance
  • an increased peripheral resistance will increase fat deposits, decreasing the lumen further
20
Q

how can uncontrolled BP cause heart failure?

A
  • high BP is a sign that the heart and blood vessels are being overworked
  • if left untreated it can lead to atherosclerosis and congestive heart failure
21
Q

what can people do to prevent and control hypertension?

A
  • exercise, maintain a healthy weight
  • medication that can reduce BP
  • healthy low fat diet

Block 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions