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History: India, c1914-48: the road to independence (Paper 2) > 3 Consultation and confrontation, 1930-42 > Flashcards

3 Consultation and confrontation, 1930-42 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the recommendations of the Simon Commission?

A

A conference of all interested parties should be held in order to discuss possible constitutional reforms.

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2
Q

What was organised in response to the Simon Commission recommendations?

A
  • Round Table Conferences.

- British politics believed India should be moved to a dominion status.

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3
Q

Who, When and Where opened first table conference?

A
  • Lord Irwin.
  • London.
  • November 1930.
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4
Q

Who chaired the first table conference?

A

-British Prime Minister and Labour Party Leader Ramsay MacDonald.

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5
Q

Who were the representatives at the first round table conference?

A
  • 3 British political parties were represented by 16 delegates.
  • Conservative group led by Sir Samuel Hoare.
  • Liberal group led by Lord Reading.
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6
Q

Who were the 16 delegates?

A

-All Viceroy nominees,

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7
Q

Princes at the first round table conference?

A
  • Sent 16 representatives.
  • Unexpected delegation.
  • Their support for concept of dominion status strengthened the case.
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8
Q

What was the outcome of the first table conference?

A
  • India would be run as type of dominion.
  • Dominion would take federation form- included princely states and 11 British provinces.
  • Would be Indian participation in all levels of gov.
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9
Q

What happened on February 1931?

A

-British formally inaugurated New Delhi as the administrative capital of Raj by Lord Irwin.

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10
Q

Who were the 20th century British architects?

A
  • Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker.

- Responsible for planning and design of large parts of new city.

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11
Q

When was the second round table conference?

A
  • September and December 1931.

- Similar mix of delegates.

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12
Q

What was one major difference of the second round table conference?

A
  • Gandhi-Irwin Pact made it possible for Congress to be represented.
  • Gandhi became the representative.
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13
Q

What were Gandhi’s hopes and aims?

A
  • Hoped to symbolise unity.

- He opposed outcome of first conference.

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14
Q

What did Gandhi fail to do, during the round table conferences?

A

-Consider impact of attendance of other Indian delegates, with different agendas from his, would be.

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15
Q

Who represented the Muslim League at the second round table conference?

A
  • Iqbal, the Aga Khan.

- Muhammad Jinnah.

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16
Q

Who represented the Sikhs at the second round table conference?

A

-Master Tara Singh.

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17
Q

Who represented the untouchables at the second round table conference?

A

-Dr Ambedkar.

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18
Q

What was the demand of the second round table conference?

A
  • All demanded separate electorates.

- Gandhi took particular exception to untouchables being considered for electorate.

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19
Q

Arguments at the second round table conference?

A
  • Well-known and well rehearsed arguments began.

- Focused on the desirability of reserving seats for racial and religious minorities.

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20
Q

Who could not agree at the second round table conference?

A
  • Hindus and Muslims.
  • Couldn’t agree on possible emergence of an alliance between them that could outweigh recommendations that could be made by Congress.
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21
Q

When and Where was the third round table conference?

A
  • Held in London.

- November to December 1932.

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22
Q

Who attended the third round table?

A
  • 46 delegates.
  • No one from British labour party.
  • No one from Congress.
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23
Q

What happened at the third table conference?

A
  • Discussed the franchise, finance and the role of Princely states.
  • Could not reach defined conclusions.
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24
Q

Attitudes and actions context?Gandhi? during the 25 annual meeting of Congress 1920

A
  • Gandhi’s success at 25th annual meeting of Congress 1920: blinded Hindus and Muslims in support for non-cooperation with Raj.
  • 1930:Salt satyagraha.
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25
Q

Attitudes and actions context?Muslim League? during the 25 annual meeting of Congress 1920

A

-Continued attempts to bring about a rapprochement with Congress.

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26
Q

What did Gandhi decide during the second table conference?

A

-Gandhi’s decision that at second table conference he would speak to all Indians.

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27
Q

What happened on

November 1930 and December 1932?

A

-British political situation changed considerably.

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28
Q

What happened on August 1931?

A
  • Labour government resigned after splitting and replaced by a Tory dominated coalition.
  • Facing depression, unemployment and the collapse of the economy.
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29
Q

Who was the New secretary of state 1931?

A

-Sir samuel Hoare-Had more reservations about self government for India than his predecessor William Wedgwood.

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30
Q

What were the Reaction to reservations imposed by Sir Samuel Hoare?

A

-Shared by many in the Conservative party.

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31
Q

What did Winston Churchill do and what did he set up when talking about the reservations?

A
  • Campaigned against Congress.

- Set up India Defence League.

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32
Q

What was the Fall of Ramsay MacDonald after the conferences?

A
  • Lost support of his own labour party.

- Able to continue in office only through National Government.

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33
Q

What happened to the Congress and the conferences?

A
  • Not represented at first conference. (Nehru and Gandhi in jail)
  • Gandhi-Irwin pact allowed Gandhi to travel to London for second conference.
  • Gandhi maintained he alone would speak for Indians.
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34
Q

What were the Divisions with the Muslim League during the round table conferences?

A
  • Jinnah made sure the Muslim voice was heard.
  • Supported by representatives in minority groups.
  • Jinnah’s tactics created complications playing groups of against each other.
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35
Q

Who replaced Viceroy Lord Irwin? 1931

A
  • Lord Willingdon.
  • Previously governed-general of Canada.
  • Governed previously of Bombay.
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36
Q

How was the relationship between Gandhi and Lord Willingdon?

A
  • Willingdon despised Gandhi-irwin pact.

- Viewed Gandhi as dangerous but forced to respect him.

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37
Q

What did Willingdon decide to do?

A

Take British government instructions that he should conciliate those elements of Indian opinion that worked with current administration.

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38
Q

What did Willingdon do jan 1932?

A

4th Jan 1932: Gandhi arrested and imprisoned.

  • Congress outlawed.
  • Members of congress/working committee imprisoned.
  • Youth organisations banned.
39
Q

Within four months of Willingdon’s decision on tackling the failure of consultation, what happened?

A
  • Over 80,000 Indians imprisoned.

- Boycotts of British goods, non payment of taxes; youth organisations and terrorist activities increased.

40
Q

What happened on 16th August 1932?

A
  • Ramsay MacDonald introduced Communal Award.

- Incorporated into new Indian constitution.

41
Q

What was Gandhi reaction to Communal award?

A
  • Furious and not in favour of separate electorates.

- Feared separating untouchables would fragment Hindu society.

42
Q

What did Gandhi do due to the Communal award?

A
  • Launched a fast-unto-death.
  • Authorities hated this.
  • Created martyrs.
43
Q

How did British react to Gandhi’s reaction to the communal award?

A
  • Didn’t want Gandhi to die.
  • Planned to release Gandhi so he at least didn’t die in prison.
  • Weak and in danger of collapse Gandhi discussed proposals with delegates for 7 days.
44
Q

What was the outcome between Gandhi and delegates? (The Yeravda (Poona) Pact)

A
  • British Government Communal Award was for proposal of 71 seats. However, Gandhi and delegates settled on 148 seats.
  • Untouchables would be allocated 18 percent of central assembly.
45
Q

What was The Yeravda (Poona) Pact?

A

Poona Pact, (Sept. 24, 1932), agreement between Hindu leaders in India granting new rights to untouchables (low-caste Hindu groups). The pact, signed at Poona (now Pune, Maharashtra), resulted from the communal award of Aug. 4, 1932, made by the British government on the failure of the India parties to agree, which allotted seats in the various legislatures of India to the different communities. Mahatma Gandhi objected to the provision of separate electorates for the Scheduled (formerly “untouchable”) Castes, which in his view separated them from the whole Hindu community.

46
Q

What happened Post Yeravda pact?

A
  • Gandhi ended fast.
  • British Government made necessary amendments.
  • Communal Award would be incorporated in to new Indian constitution.
47
Q

What was created in support for constitutional change?

A
  • India Defence League.
  • Determinate group of conservatives fought the Government of India Bill and joined forces with ex-generals/Indian civil servants.
48
Q

What was Churchill’s views on India?

A
  • Formed when he had been stationed there,

- He supported India defence.

49
Q

Who were the media supporter for the Defence League?

A
  • Daily Mail.

- Lord Rothermere wrote a series of outrageous articles under the general heading.

50
Q

What were the British views on India?

A

-They were not fit enough to govern themselves and only the paternalistic British could effectively manage subcontinent.

51
Q

What happened and was created in 1935?

A
  • Government of India Act 1935.
  • Final British written constitution to be imposed on India.
  • Federation of India was proposed but never put into effect.
52
Q

Main features of Government of India Act?

A
  • India divided into 11 provinces; each had legislative assembly and a provincial gov.
  • Each province had governor; retained power to act.
  • Separate electorates continued.
  • Burma was separated.
53
Q

What was the role of the Viceroy under Government of India Act?

A
  • Still appointed by British Gov.

- In control of defence and foreign affairs.

54
Q

What was the Congress’s reaction to Government of India Act?

A
  • Objected to the Act.
  • Party wanted Purna Swaraj.
  • Members not interested in what they saw as a halfway thing.
  • Wanted India have strong central Gov.
55
Q

What was the Muslim League’s reaction to Government of India Act and to Congress?

A
  • Objected to the Act.

- Did not offer enough power to Muslims.

56
Q

What were Congress fears to the new provincial assemblies?

A

-That new provincial assemblies could be dominated by Muslims.

57
Q

How did the 1935 Act impact Princes?

A
  • It proposed all India federation resulting in a diminution of power of Princes.
  • Government of London warned Delhi not to push Princes.
58
Q

Who was afraid and why, about the princes? (1935)

A
  • Lord Zetland.

- Feared princes would join Tony die-hards.

59
Q

What problems did the princes face?(1935)

A
  • varying magnitude from their own subjects and states.

- Increasing pressure for reform and greater representation government before anything about princes was confirmed.

60
Q

What was the Outcome of 1937 elections?

A
  • Congress and league faced with immediate dilemma.
  • If didn’t participate it would cut them off from government.
  • If they did it might give opportunity to work with system to create change.
61
Q

How did the 1937 elections impact? Congress?

A
  • Congress were successful and gained overall control of United and central provinces.
  • Controlled Orissa, Bombay and Madras.
62
Q

How did the 1937 elections impact? Muslim League?

A
  • Badly.

- Largely due to its lack of strong leadership until 1935.

63
Q

How did Jinnah build up to the 1937 elections?

A
  • Worked hard
  • built up a power base
  • had limited time available to him
  • not able to even find enough candidates to consent all Muslim seats.
64
Q

How did the Muslim League revitalise itself after the 1937 elections?

A

Two options:

  • Attract mass support to win control in some provinces.
  • Enter into a power-sharing agreement with Congress.
65
Q

What did the New Congress provincial Ministers do?(1937

)

A
  • Starved of power and recognition for so long threw caution to the winds.
  • Took advantage of their new offices and appointed their relatives.
66
Q

Who/How did new Congress provincial Ministers reject?(1937)

A
  • Rejected minorities and often behaved spitefully.

- Fiscal policies drawn up to hurt Muslim landowners and cow slaughter was banned in Bihar.

67
Q

What was Jinnah actions after realising that the Muslim League had 2 alternatives (1937)?

A

-Began a series of carefully orchestrated personal appearances, mass rallies and interviews.

68
Q

What was the name of the day that was inaugurated in honour of the Muslim sultan of Mysore who defeated British in 1782?

A

-‘Tipu Sultan Day’

69
Q

What were the Problems with a Hindu domination?

A
  • It would leave Muslims ruled out.

- Gandhi, Nehru and Jinnah Muslims could never be persuaded that the Hindu-dominated congress party.

70
Q

How was Congress divided against itself 1937-38?

A
  • Congress was a partner in government with Raj.

- Central leadership was uncertain on how much control it could exercise over the provincial leaders.

71
Q

How did Gandhi exercise provincial leaders?(1937-38)

A
  • Used parliamentary tactics

- might mean temp cooperating with the Raj and the princes in order to achieve aim of swaraj.

72
Q

How did Gandhi work with the British in dividing Congress?(1937-38)

A
  • Negotiated with British

- Gained assurance provincial governors wouldn’t interfere with normal administration.

73
Q

What happened at the End of 1938?

A
  • Congress torn apart.
  • Considerable pressure on Bose to quit.
  • Gandhi didn’t trust him or old guard.
  • Nehru refused stand in his place/Bose refused to step aside.
74
Q

What was the Gandhi and Bose rivalry?

A
  • 12 members of Gandhi faction resigned from Working committee in protest against democratic election of their own president.
  • Bose left as a president of a party that could not function.
75
Q

What was the Attitudes towards British Raj during 1938-39?

A
  • Raj experienced brief period of popularity.

- As 1930s progressed Raj seemed less and less natural government of India.

76
Q

What happened to The Raj and lost promises?(1939)

A

-Vague promises of nationalism that helped weld diverse people together were now seen to be inadequate.

77
Q

What happened to the power of the Raj at the end of 1939?

A

-Lots of people, even congress chief minister looked to the administrative structures of Raj for support on a day to day basis.

78
Q

What were the New structures/Indian civil services problems in the 1930’s?

A

-New structure of provincial governments in India had little impact on British recruitment to Indian civil service.

79
Q

What was the reaction to the outbreak of WW2?

A
  • world war one brought Hindu and Muslims together.
  • Events in 1920’s and 30’s drew these two groups apart.
  • India’s independence from the Raj was achievable.
80
Q

What happened on September 3rd 1939?

A

-Neville Chamberlain , British prime minister, declared war on Nazi Germany.

81
Q

When was the Lahore Resolution?

A

-March 1940.

82
Q

Explain Jinnah and the release from Congress?(1939)

A
  • Freed from Congress

- Focused on the Muslim League and challenging problems of formulating leagues constitutional goals.

83
Q

How many Muslims attended the Lahore March?

A

100,000

84
Q

What did Lahore set out?

A

-Set out what the Muslims League under the strong guidance of Jinnah, considered basic principles of any new constitution for India.

85
Q

What were the two main proposals of the Lahore Resolution?

A
  • Areas of subcontinent where Muslims were in majority should be grouped to form separate independent states.
  • Minorities should be protected.
86
Q

What was set up due to the Lahore Resolution?

A

-Working party to frame a constitution based on the two principles.

87
Q

What was reaction of Congress to Lahore?

A
  • Battle of words between Gandhi and Jinnah.

- Gandhi said the Lahore Resolution tantamount to the vivisection of India.

88
Q

What did Gandhi do in response to the Lahore resolution?

A

-Mini satyagraha campaigns broke out, protesting against the Lahore Resolution.

89
Q

What were other reactions to Lahore Resolution?(not included the congress & Gandhi’s reactions)

A
  • Nehru denounced the idea of a separate Muslim state as a mad scheme.
  • The young were already drilling and wearing pseudo uniforms ready for the supposed conflict with Muslims.
90
Q

What happened on May 1940?

A

-Lahore Resolution, Linlithgow invites Jinnah to Simla, with the aim of discussing with him a whole range of issues relating to India and the War.

91
Q

What proposals did Lithlingow make? (1940-may)

A
  • Representative Indians would join Executive Council.
  • war Advisory Council be established would include princes and other parties.
  • Assurance government wouldn’t adopt new constitution without prior approval of Muslim India.
92
Q

What happened to Bose in the year 1939?

A
  • Bose left Congress party.
  • Moved by Gandhi.
  • Bose formed Bloc Party- a terrorist organisation aimed at getting British to quit India.
93
Q

CONCLUSION

A
  • 1930’s did not see dramatic change.

- Saw little change to India economic and social structure.

History: India, c1914-48: the road to independence (Paper 2) (4 decks)

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