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YR1 - Histology > 3. Connective Tissues 1 > Flashcards

3. Connective Tissues 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 types of Connective Tissue?

What does CT form? What 2 things is it composed of?

A

Forms of CT:

  1. Dense
  2. Loose
  3. Cartilage
  4. Adipose
  5. Bone
  6. Blood
  7. Lymphatic tissue
  8. Hemopoietic tissue

CT forms the intercellular matrix (ECM/stroma/interstitiium) = ground substance + fibers

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2
Q

What is the Embryological origin of CT?

What is the function of CT?

A
  • Derived from mesoderm (middle layer between ecto- and endo- derms) in embryo = the mesenchyme
  • Mesenchyme is loose spongy tissue, serves as packing, penetrating the developing organ
  • Provides support, strength, role in differentiation, communication between cells, diffusion of nutrients, oxygen and wastes
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3
Q

What are the 2 components of the CT?

  • What is the consistency of the ground substance?
  • What 2 things does the ground substance contain?
  • What are GAGs? What are the main types?
  • When does a GAG become a proeoglycan?
  • What are 3 examples of glycoproteins in the ground substance of CT?
  • What is the role of the fibers in CT?
  • 3 types of fibers?
A

CT Summary

  1. Originates from embryonic of connective tissue (CT) from the mesoderm layer known as mesenchyme
  2. CT composition
  • Cells: telocytes, fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells
  • ECM: GAGs, reticulin (type III collagen), collagen (type I) other fibres (laminin, fibronectin etc.)
    • Important in anchorage (to basement membrane of epithelia) and
    • Hydration for good solute and gaseous exchange
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4
Q

What is Reticulin of CT?

  • What type of collagen?
  • What is it important in?
A

CT Fibers - Reticulin

  • Very fine collagenous fibres = (type III single peptide chain of collagen)
  • Forms a fine network of supportive fibres known as reticulin
  • Important in the basement membranes, bone marrow, lymph nodes, support fat cells, small blood vessels, nerve & muscles
  • Reticulin forms fine partitions in the lung & supports liver sinusoids.
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5
Q

What Collagen?

  • What do they form?
  • How many types?
  • Composition?
  • Which cells make collagen?
A

CT Fibers - Collagen

  • Extremely tough e.g. tendons.
  • Thickness and appearance varies with type (28 types at latest count).
  • Type of collagen depends on location and functional need.
  • Composed of fine fibrils of 3 peptide chains helically twisted together
  • Made by fibrocytes (blasts (cyte = resting tissue, blast = dividing).
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6
Q

What is Elastin?

  • Found where?
  • 2 shapes?
  • Staining?
A

CT Fibres - Elastin

  • Found mostly in loose CT (skin & BVs)
  • Cylindical threads or flat ribbons.
  • Don’t stain under H&E - need a special stain!
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7
Q

Why are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) so important in the function of the ECM?

A
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8
Q

What are the 4 key cells of CT?

Which 2 are from the blood?

A

Cells of CT

  1. Telocytes
  2. Fibrocytes (blasts)
  3. Adipocytes
  4. Macrophages (monocytes that have come out of the blood - identify foreign material)
  5. Mast cells (similar to basophils in blood - allergic reaction)
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9
Q

What are Telocytes?

(Cells of CT)

  • What did they used to be known as?
  • What are their long extensions called?
  • What are their functions?
A

Cells of CT - Telocytes

  • Also once known as interstitial Cajal Cells (ICCs)
  • Different from fibroblasts & pluripotent mesenchymal cells
  • Long extensions called telopodes
  • Control the microenvironment
    • Form mechanical & electrochemical communications
    • Receive outside-in and send inside-out signals
    • Stimulate stem cell activation or induce differentiation
      • Development, repair and regeneration
  • Maintenance of homeostasis by miRNA?
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10
Q

What are Fibrocytes (Cells of CT)?

  • What is the significance of their pluripotency?
  • What do they synthesize?
  • What do they contain lots of?
  • Shape/morphology?
  • Role in wound healing?
A

Cells of CT - Fibrocytes

  • Multipotent and retain mitotic activity
    • In healing and disease can transform into other cells such as the pericyte or into smooth muscle cells in newly forming blood vessels, or osteocytes and chondrocytes when bones are broken.
  • Synthesize the extracellular matrix when activated (produce & maintain fiber and ground substance)
  • Packed with rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
  • Pale fusiform (cigar shaped) cells
  • Mistaken for smooth muscle cells, same shape but smaller
  • In healing wound can develop myofibrils to help contract the lesion (myofibroblasts)
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11
Q

What are Adipocytes (Cells of CT)?

  • Function?
  • 2 structures?
A

Cells of CT - Adipocytes

  • Synthesis and store triglycerides
  • Can be:
    • Unilocular = one vacuole
    • Multilocular = many vacuole as seen in brown fat, heat production in young animals and ones that hibernate.
  • Appear clear as fat removed during slide preparation (solvents used)
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12
Q

What are Macrophages (Cells of CT)?

  • Role in tissues?
  • Contents?
  • How can they migrate back out of tissues?
  • What are macrophages called when they are in the:
    • liver?
    • brain?
    • skin?
    • bone?
    • cartilage?
    • blood?
A

Macrophage (tissue Histiocyte)

  • In tissues has a phagocytic & surveillance role
  • Contains hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes
  • Can migrate out of the tissues back into the circulation through the lymphatic vessels
  • Named differently once in specific tissues:
    • Liver = Kupffer cell
    • Brain = Microglial cell
    • Skin = Langerhans cel
    • Bone = Osteoclast
    • Cartilage = Chondroclast
    • Blood = Monocyte

• The suffix -clast means these cells remodel the tissue they inhabit

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13
Q

What are Mast Cells (Cells of CT)?

  • What does metachromatic mean?
  • 2 types? What do the ones near BVs contain? What do the ones in mesentery contain?
  • Functions? Which Ig do they contain? What type of reaction are they involved in?
A

Cells of CT - Mast Cells

  • Metachromatic (different colour to staining dye) granules in the cytoplasm
  • Two cell types
    • Occur in small groups near blood vessels contain heparin an anticoagulant & histamine (dilates capillaries & is a muscle contractant of bronchi)
    • In the mesentery contain chondroitin sulphate (mucopolysaccharide, the function is unknown)
  • Also secrete leukotrienes vasodilators & muscle contractants
  • Located in subepithelial CT, respiratory & digestive systems
  • Have immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptors on surface & responsible for allergic (hypersensitivity reactions)
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14
Q

What is the structure of the basement membrane?

  • Also known as?
  • Where are they all found?
  • 3 zones?
  • What type of collagen forms the laminsa densa?
  • Structure? Function?
A
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15
Q

What is the major component of the basal lamina?

A
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16
Q

What is the role of fibronectin in the ECM?

A

YR1 - Histology (13 decks)

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