1. Histology Terms & Principles Flashcards
Know the basic histology terms and their meanings (including the common suffixes and prefixes, used in histology).
What do the following common tissue prefixes mean?
- Chondro
- Hepato
- Myo
- Osteo
- Pneumo
Know the basic histology terms and their meanings (including the common suffixes and prefixes, used in histology).
What do the following common location prefixes mean?
- Epi
- Endo
- Inter
- Intra
- Juxta
- Kary
- Peri
Know the basic histology terms and their meanings (including the common suffixes and prefixes, used in histology).
What do the following common suffixes mean?
- -blast
- -clast
- -cyte
- -oid
- -phage
- -some
What do these common histological terms refer to:
- Adventitia
- Afferent/Efferent
- Capsule
- Cortex
- Hilus/Hilum
- Medulla
- Mucosa
- Parenchyma
- Serosa
- Septum
- Strom
What is the histological tissue prefix for:
- Cartilage
- Liver
- Muscle
- Bone
- Lung
What is the histological location prefix for:
- upon, after
- inner
- between
- within
- beside
- nucleus
- around
What is the histological suffix for:
- actively dividing cell
- break - remodel the tissue they inhabit
- resting cell
- form
- eat
- body
What is the histological term for:
- vessel or organ covering
- to/from
- organ covering
- outermost layer
- pit or depression where vessels and nerves enter
- middle
- mucous membrane
- functional cellular component of an organ
- support tissue - lines internal cavities
- division
- support tissue
What are the classifications of epithelial tissues - shape & number of layers?
Examples where each are found in the body?
Shape
-
Squamous = flattened
- Lining/protective
-
Cuboidal = square
- often secretory
-
Columnar = tall rectangular
- often absorptive
-
Transitional = dome to flattened
- Are restricted to the lining of the urinary system and ‘at rest’ consist of round multilayered cells but when ‘stretched’ they expand, reducing the number of layers and causing the cells to flatten out
Arrangement/Number of Layers
- Simple = single layered
- Stratified = 2+ layers
-
Psuedostratified = single layer but due to nuclei at different levels within the cells, plus some cells not reaching the free surface, it gives the appearance of a stratified layer
- Simple cells are often associated with high rates of transepithelial transport whereas thicker stratified layers are normally more impermeable barriers and/or are protective
- Where would you find simple squamous epithelium? (2)
- Were would you find keratinised (1) and non-keratinised stratified (4) squamous epithelium?
*
Simple Squamous
- Mesothelium
- Endothelium
Stratified Squamous
Keratinised
- Skin
Non-keratinised
- Oral cavity
- Vagina
- Esophagus
- Cornea
Where would you find simple, stratified and pseudostratified cuboidal epithelium?
What kind of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?
- Where would you find simple columnar epithelium - with kinocilia (2) and without kinocilia (2)?
- Where would you find stratified columnar epithelium (3)?
- What type of epithelium is present in the Epididymus and Vas Deferens?
What are the key features of the 3 muscle types?
- Which 2 are striated?
What are the 3 levels of microscopy?
Sub-classified into:
- What can be seen in two dimensions (2D) with the light microscope (LM)
- Seen at the electron microscopic (EM) level in:
- 2D using the Transmission EM (TEM)
- 3D using the Scanning EM (SEM)
What kind of microscope do you need to view a:
- An amino acid?
- Viruses?
- Bacteria?
- RBC?
- Human ovum?
Compare the 3 types of muscles in terms of:
- unit
- unit lenghth
- unit diameter
- nuclear no.
- nuclear location
- nuclear shape
How does the histology change through the GIT?
- Where is the only skeletal muscle found in the GIT?
- Where are Glands of Brunner found?
- Where are Peyers Patches found?
Skeletal muscle - upper ⅓rd esophagus
Glands of Brunner - submucosa of duodenum
Peyers Patches - Submucosa of ileum
What is the process for preparing a tissue slide in histology?
- Fixation of tissue
- Tissue dehydration
- Clearing in solvent
- Infiltration and Embedding
- Tissue cutting & sectioning
- Water bath
- Glass Slide
- Wax removal
- Staining
- Mounting
How is the tissue fixed?
- What chemical is used?
- What 2 things does it prevent?
- What does it provide?
Fixation of tissue
- Routinely in 10% phosphate or neutral buffered formalin [formaldehyde]
-
Prevents
- Autolysis by cellular enzymes - Cell metabolism ceases (energy is required in life)
- Bacterial and fungal degradation
-
Provides - Protein cross-linking
- Blocks enzyme action
- Creates a structural lattice, useful for further chemical processing (wax infiltration, staining)
- Hardens tissue to allow handling without damage
How is the tissue dehydrated?
- What chemical is used?
- What does it provide?
Tissue dehydration, in increasing alcohol concentrations
- Provides - Correct chemical environment for progressive processing
- Leads to infiltration of and embedding in paraffin wax
What are 3 examples of a clearing in solvent?
Why are they used?
Clearing in solvent (xylene*, histolene#, HistoclearTM)
= Intermediate chemical
– Miscible with dehydrating agent and paraffin wax embedding agent
*Aromatic hydrocarbon benzene derivative # Limonene
How is Infiltration & Embedding performed?
Infiltration and Embedding
– Vacuum infiltration with molten paraffin wax (with additives)
– Tissue block made by solidifying paraffin wax in preparation for cutting
How is the cutting and section preparation done?
What does the water bath remove?
How is the wax removed from the tissue section?
Why stain?
How is mounting done?
What are 3 other methods of tissue preparation other than FFPE = Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (tissue)?
- What is the major benefit of a frozen section and imprint?
- Which method is used for disintegrated cells?
