3: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
- transports the oxygenated blood from the heart and lungs all throughout the body thru the arteries, and then the oxygen depleted blood is returned to its origin thru the help of the veins.
- helps in the coagulation process, regulates the body temperature and assists the body in fighting diseases.
Circulatory System
two main components of Circulatory System
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
A hollow, muscular organ, cone-shaped, weighs less than a pound
The Heart
The ______ is a ______-chambered muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels of the body. The wall of the heart is composed of three layers of tissue.
heart, four
The heart is surrounded by _________ (thin, fluid-filled sac)
pericardium
The _______ of the heart secure a one-way blood flow through the heart and blood vessels.
valves
the ______, the __________, and the _________ make up the cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels, blood
The heart of a healthy adult, at rest, pumps approximately __________ of blood per minute.
5 liters (L)
The heart weighs _________ in men
250–390g
The heart weighs ________ in women
200–275g
The heart is located in the _______ cavity (chest) in the ____________ (between the lungs), behind and to the left of the ________ (breastbone)
thoracic, mediastinum, sternum
The heart is a hollow muscular organ that has four chambers:
left atrium, right atrium, left ventricles, and right ventricles
As can be seen, the apex of the heart (the pointed end) is below the base of the heart and lies on the ________.
diaphragm
Systole (contraction) & diastole (relaxation) which lasts about 0.8 seconds
Cardiac Cycle
Sends electric impulses throughout the myocardium which is initiated system by the Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)
Electrical conduction system
Provides the graphical representation of the cardiac cycle’s activity
Electrocardiogram (ECG )
“lubb” which is the first sound as the ventricles contract or the AV valves close and “dupp” or the second sound which is heard when the semilunar valves close and the ventricles relax.
Origin of heart sounds
The average heart rate is 72 beats per minute (bpm) and the cardiac output output refers to the volume of blood pumped per minute
Heart rate & cardiac
A rhythmic throbbing resulting from the alternating expansion and contraction of the artery
Pulse
The force which was exerted by the blood on the walls of the vessel which is measured by the sphygmomanometer. The blood pressure is the difference between the systolic (pressure during contraction) and diastolic (pressure during relaxation).
Blood pressure
Layers of the Heart
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
outermost layer and actually a part of the heart wall
Epicardium
consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whirled into ringlike arrangements and it is the layer that actually contracts
Myocardium
the innermost layer of the heart and is a thin, glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers.
Endocardium
two superior atria
Receiving Chambers
two inferior, thick-walled ventricles, or actual pumps of the heart wherein when they contract, blood is propelled out of the heart and into the circulation
Discharging chambers
divides the heart longitudinally
Septum
interventricular septum or the interatrial septum, depending on which chamber it separates.
Septum
- upper right chamber
Function: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
Right Atrium
- lower right chamber
Function: Receives the blood from the right atrium and pumps into pulmonary artery.
Right Ventricle
- upper left chamber
Function: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle.
Left Atrium
- lower left chamber
Function: Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta.
Left Ventricle
The heart is equipped with ________, which allow blood to flow in only one direction through the heart chambers.
four valves
the second set of valves, guards the bases of the two large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers, thus they are known as the ____________________________.
pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves
- tricuspid valve which is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
Function: Closes as the right ventricles contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the right atrium.
Right AV valve
- bicuspid or mitral valve which is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Function: Closes as the left ventricles contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the left atrium.
Left AV valve
- pulmonary or pulmonic valve located at the entrance of the pulmonary artery.
Function: Closes when the right ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the right ventricle.
Right semilunar valve
- aortic valve located at the entrance of the aorta.
Function: Closes when the left ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the left ventricle.
Left semilunar valve
partition that separates the right from the left atria.
Interatrial septum
separates the right and the left ventricles.
Interventicular septum
separates the right and the left ventricles.
Interventicular septum
- receives blood supply thru the left and right coronary arteries, and coronary veins return the oxygen depleted blood from the heart muscle back to the heart
- supplies the blood and also provides drainage from the tissues.
- composed of the left and right coronary arteries and coronary veins.
Coronary Circulation
blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of the heart into the aorta from which the systemic arteries branch to supply essentially all body tissues
Aorta
The human heart may have disorders which can be detected and addressed using the proper diagnostic tests:
Angina pectoris
Aortic stenosis
Bacterial endocarditis
Congestive heart failure
Myocardial infarction
Pericarditis
chest pain resulting from reduced blood flow to the heart.
Angina pectoris
a murmur sound produced when the aortic leaflets fail to fully open during systole.
Aortic stenosis
an infection that happens when a bacteria enters and resides in the heart lining or blood vessel.
Bacterial endocarditis
results to general feeling or weakness due to insufficient blood being pumped by the heart.
Congestive heart failure
known as heart attack due to decrease or full stoppage of blood flow that damages the heart muscle.
Myocardial infarction
inflammation of the pericardial sac that maybe due to viral infection
Pericarditis
DIAGNOSTICS TESTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
List of diagnostic tests for heart disorders:
Arterial Blood Gases (ABG)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
Cholesterol
Creatine kinase (CK)
Creatine Kinase (CK)-MB
Digoxin
DIAGNOSTICS TESTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
List of diagnostic tests for heart disorders:
Arterial Blood Gases (ABG)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
Cholesterol
Creatine kinase (CK)
Creatine Kinase (CK)-MB
Digoxin
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes
Microbial cultures
Myoglobin
Potassium (K)
Triglycerides
Troponin T (TnT)
the loop which consists of a system of blood vessels through which blood is circulated to the rest of the body.
Vascular System
There are two divisions of vascular system
the pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
The _____________________ moves the blood between the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. During the process, oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released, after which, the oxygenated blood flows back to the left atrium of the heart.
pulmonary circulation
The __________________ moves the oxygenated blood and nutrients from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body. The deoxygenated blood with carbon dioxide & wastes flows back to the right atrium.
systematic circulation
thick-walled blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.
Arteries
a small-diameter blood vessel that branches out from the arteries and leads to the capillaries.
Arterioles
tubes with thin walls that carry deoxygenated blood from tissues to the heart.
Veins
a very small vein that collects blood from the capillaries.
Venules
fine hair-like blood vessels that connect arterioles and veins.
Capillaries
Blood circulates inside the blood vessels, which form a _______________ system, the so-called vascular system.
closed transport
- vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Artery
very small branches of arteries
Arterioles
collect the blood from the various organs and parts return the blood to the heart
Veins
very small branches of veins
Venules
- minute thin-walled vessels that connect the arterioles and venules; nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the blood and body tissues
Capillaries
the walls of the blood vessels have _______ coats or tunics.
three
lines the lumen, or interior, of the vessels, is a thin layer of endothelium resting on a basement membrane and decreases friction as blood flows through the vessel lumen.
Tunica intima
- the bulky middle coat which mostly consists of smooth muscle and elastic fibers that constrict or dilate, making the blood pressure increase or decrease.
Tunica media
- the outermost tunic composed largely of fibrous connective tissue, and its function is basically to support and protect the vessels.
Tunica externa/Tunica adventitia
space inside the blood vessel where the blood flows.
Lumen
found in the veins, thin membranous leaflets that prevent backflow of blood.
Valves
Oxygen-poor blood is returned to the heart thru the _________________________________ and it enters the ________________ of the heart.
superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium
The right atrium contracts, pushing blood through the ______________, and into the ________________.
tricuspid valve, right ventricle
The contraction on the right ventricle forces the blood to the _____________________ valve into the ________________________.
pulmonary semilunar, pulmonary artery
It flows through the pulmonary artery to the ______________ of the lungs.
capillaries
Oxygen-rich blood flows back to the heart thru the ________________________ and enters the _____________.
pulmonary veins, left atrium
The left atrium contracts forcing the blood in the ___________________ into the left ventricle.
bicuspid valve
The contraction of the left ventricle forces the blood through the __________________________ to the ___________.
aortic semilunar valve, aorta
The blood travels through the body by the way of the arteries. They branch into smaller arteries and the smallest of which are the ________________.
arterioles
The arterioles connect with the __________________. Oxygen, water, and nutrients from the blood are diffused through the capillary walls to the cells and carbon dioxide and other end product enters the bloodstream.
capillaries
The capillaries connect with the _______________.
venules
The venules merge into larger veins until the blood returns to the heart by thru the _____________________________.
superior or inferior vena cava
an enlargement of the artery due to the weakening of the artery wall.
Aneurysm
hardening of the artery wall due to aging.
Arteriosclerosis
formation of plaques in the inner walls.
Atherosclerosis
clot or bubble which causes obstruction of an artery.
Embolism
obstruction that is carried and lodged in a vessel.
Embolus-
swollen veins in the area of the anus.
Hemorrhoids
inflammation of the veins particularly the wall.
Phlebitis
swelling of the veins of the legs that usually occurs during pregnancy.
Thrombophlebitis
blood clot that impedes blood flow.
Thrombus
usually found in the legs, these are veins that have been twisted and have enlarged.
Varicose Veins
Diagnostic Tests of the Vascular System
D-Dimer
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Lipoproteins
Prothombin time (PT)
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT/APTT)
Triglycerides
The ___________ is the red fluid that is transported throughout the body through the circulatory system.
blood
There are two functions:
Arterial blood
Venous blood
connective tissue fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products.
Blood
____________ where oxygen and nutrients are carried to the tissues
Arterial blood
__________________ where carbon dioxide and metabolic by-products are carried to the lungs and kidneys for removal from the body.
Venous blood
Blood is a type of connective tissue that consists of a ________________ containing cells and ________________ (formed elements).
liquid matrix (plasma), cell fragments
The total blood volume in the average adult is about __________ liters (L) in females and _______ L in males
4–5, 5–6
Plasma is __________%
55%
Cell fragments is _______%
45%
A __________ is the transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another.
transfusion
An ___________ is the introduction of a fluid other than blood, such as a saline or glucose solution, into the blood.
infusion
The surfaces of red blood cells have molecules called _________.
antigens
the plasma includes proteins called ______________.
antibodies
Antibodies are very _______, antibody can bind only to a certain antigen
specific
the clumping of the cells
Agglutination
rupture of the red blood cells
Hemolysis
The _____________________ is used to categorize human blood.
ABO blood group system
There are two types of antigens that may appear:
type A antigen and type B antigen.
Named because it was first studied in the rhesus monkey
Rh Blood Group
Named because it was first studied in the rhesus monkey
Rh Blood Group
____________________________________ is necessary to determine the compatibility of the donor and recipient’s blood because an individual who do not produce the D antigen will produce anti-D which could be fatal if they encounter the D antigen.
Compatibility testing and cross-matching
____________________ determines the ABO and Rh blood groups of a blood sample.
Blood typing
A __________________ for agglutination reactions between donor and recipient blood.
crossmatch tests
A __________________ for agglutination reactions between donor and recipient blood.
crossmatch tests
caused by not having enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin.
Anemia
cancer of the blood forming tissues like the bone marrow or the lympathic system.
Leukemia
high number could indicate urinary tract infection.
Leukocytes
increase of the number of white blood cells in the blood due to illness or infection.
Leukocytosis
reduced number of white cells in the blood.
Leukopenia
the marrow produces too many red blood cells resulting to blood thickening.
Polycythemia
the body produces too many platelets (thrombocytes) which affects the blood clotting.
Thrombocytosis
characterized by low platelet count.
Thrombocytopenia
Diagnostic Test for Blood Disorders
ABO & RH type
Bone marrow examination
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Cross-match
Differential (diff)
Eosinophil (Eos) count
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Ferritin
Hematocrit (Hct)
Hemoglabin (Hb or Hgb)
Hemogram
Indices (MCH, MCV, MCHC)
Iron (Fe)
Reticulocyte (retic) count
Total iron-b-nding capacity (TIBC)
The ______________________ of the human body is a network of tissues and organs that is responsible for the removal of toxins and waste in the body.
lymphatic system
The main function of lymphatic system is to transport the ___________________________ to and from the lymph nodes throughout the body.
white blood cells
The Lymphatic System is composed of fluids or lymph which is similar to plasma but is composed of __% water.
95%
The lymph is transported throughout the system thru the lymphatic vessels, ducts and masses of lymph tissue called _____.
nodes
Aside from the transporting the white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes, the Lymphatic System has other functions:
- transport back the tissue fluids to the bloodstream,
- removes impurities,
- processes lymphocytes and
- transport the fats absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream.
inflammation of lymphatic channels resulting from an infection at a site distal to the channel.
Lymphangitis
also called adenopathy, a disease where there is abnormality in the size or number of lymph nodes.
Lymphadenopathy
enlargement of the spleen.
Splenomegaly
cancer on the part of the immune system characterized by enlarged lymph nodes.
Hodgkin’s disease
a type of cancer that develops from lymphocytes.
Lymphosarcoma
cancer that begins with the lymphocytes.
Lymphoma
Diagnostic Test for the Lymphatic System disorder
- Bone marrow biopsy
- Complete Blood Count
- Culture & Sensitivity
- Lymph node biopsy
- Mononucleosis test
Diagnostic Test for the Lymphatic System disorder
- Bone marrow biopsy
- Complete Blood Count
- Culture & Sensitivity
- Lymph node biopsy
- Mononucleosis test
__________________ is the stoppage of bleeding as a response to an injury whether it be normal vasoconstriction where the vessel walls close temporarily, abnormal obstruction like plaque or by coagulation such as litigation.
Hemostasis
the vessel walls are constricted after an injury which results to reduced flow of flood in the site of injury.
Vasoconstriction
_________________________________________ - platelets stick together on the site of the injury forming as plug.
Formation of the primary platelet plug
There are four interrelated responses:
- Vasoconstriction
- Formation of the primary platelet plug
- Progression to the stable blood clot
- Fibrinolysis or dissolving of clot
_________________ is the process where the blood changes from a liquid form into a gel that forms the blood clot.
Coagulation or clotting
The coagulation factors refer to the _______________ that is needed in the coagulation.
proteins
There are three types:
- Enzyme precursors,
- Cofactors, and
- Substrates
Pathways of the clotting cascade:
Extrinsic pathway
Intrinsic pathway
Phases of cell-based coagulation:
Initiation
Amplification, and
Propagation
________________ is an enzyme that plays an important role in coagulation.
Thrombin
- due to contraction of smooth muscle fibers
- Decrease blood flow and limits blood lost
- reduces diameter of blood vessel
Vasoconstriction
- The initiation phase
Platelet Plug formation
- Amplification
- Propagation
Secondary hemostatic plug formation
___________________ is the process where the fibrin is dissolved.
Fibrinolysis
Fibrinolysis has two main activities:
(1) the intact vessels are reopened by dissolving the clots, and (2) removing hemostatic clots from the tissue as part of the healing process.
The ___________ role in the hemostasis is to synthesize coagulation factors such as V, VIII, prothrombin, & fibrogen. This organ produces heparin and bile salts needed for synthesis. It is also responsible for the production of bile salts needed for vitamin K absorption.
liver’s
happens when blood clot forms in one or more deep veins, usually in the legs.
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
when the formation of small clots blocks the small blood vessels.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
disorder involving lack of sufficient blood-clotting proteins.
Hemophilia
low platelet count
Thrombocytopenia
Diagnostic Test for Hemostatic disorders
Bleeding time
D-dimer
Factor assays
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Platelet function assay (PFA)
Prothrombin time (PT)
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT or APTT)
also called the elbow pit is a triangular area on the anterior of the elbow.
the first-choice for venipuncture site because there are several major arm veins called antecubital veins which are close to the surface which makes it easy to locate and penetrate.
Antecubital fossa
- a vein arrangement that occurs in about 70% of the population.
H-Shaped antecubital veins
second choice in venipuncture site; harder to palpate; only available site for obese patients;
Cephalic Vein
- last choice vein in vebipuncture; not well anchored; punctures are more painful;
Basilic vein
the intermediate antebrachial vein and involves the median, median cephalic and median basilic veins.
M-Shaped antecubital veins
intermediate antebrachial vein; first-choice vein; safest and less painful;
Median vein
intermediate cephalic vein; second choice in venipuncture site; less likely to roll;
Median cephalic vein
intermediate basilic vein; last choice vein because although it is more painful;
Medial basilic vein
used only if the antecubital veins are not accessible. The veins at the back of the hand which can be used are smaller, so it may be very painful. Take note that the underside of the wrist is never used as a venipuncture site.
Other arm and hand veins
not used for routine blood collection and limited to collection of arterial blood gas. Special training is needed and it is more risky for the patient.
Arteries
