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PMLS 2 - LEC > 3: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

3: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q
  • transports the oxygenated blood from the heart and lungs all throughout the body thru the arteries, and then the oxygen depleted blood is returned to its origin thru the help of the veins.
  • helps in the coagulation process, regulates the body temperature and assists the body in fighting diseases.
A

Circulatory System

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2
Q

two main components of Circulatory System

A

Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system

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3
Q

A hollow, muscular organ, cone-shaped, weighs less than a pound

A

The Heart

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4
Q

The ______ is a ______-chambered muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels of the body. The wall of the heart is composed of three layers of tissue.

A

heart, four

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5
Q

The heart is surrounded by _________ (thin, fluid-filled sac)

A

pericardium

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6
Q

The _______ of the heart secure a one-way blood flow through the heart and blood vessels.

A

valves

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7
Q

the ______, the __________, and the _________ make up the cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

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8
Q

The heart of a healthy adult, at rest, pumps approximately __________ of blood per minute.

A

5 liters (L)

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9
Q

The heart weighs _________ in men

A

250–390g

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10
Q

The heart weighs ________ in women

A

200–275g

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11
Q

The heart is located in the _______ cavity (chest) in the ____________ (between the lungs), behind and to the left of the ________ (breastbone)

A

thoracic, mediastinum, sternum

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12
Q

The heart is a hollow muscular organ that has four chambers:

A

left atrium, right atrium, left ventricles, and right ventricles

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13
Q

As can be seen, the apex of the heart (the pointed end) is below the base of the heart and lies on the ________.

A

diaphragm

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14
Q

Systole (contraction) & diastole (relaxation) which lasts about 0.8 seconds

A

Cardiac Cycle

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15
Q

Sends electric impulses throughout the myocardium which is initiated system by the Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)

A

Electrical conduction system

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16
Q

Provides the graphical representation of the cardiac cycle’s activity

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG )

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17
Q

“lubb” which is the first sound as the ventricles contract or the AV valves close and “dupp” or the second sound which is heard when the semilunar valves close and the ventricles relax.

A

Origin of heart sounds

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18
Q

The average heart rate is 72 beats per minute (bpm) and the cardiac output output refers to the volume of blood pumped per minute

A

Heart rate & cardiac

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19
Q

A rhythmic throbbing resulting from the alternating expansion and contraction of the artery

A

Pulse

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20
Q

The force which was exerted by the blood on the walls of the vessel which is measured by the sphygmomanometer. The blood pressure is the difference between the systolic (pressure during contraction) and diastolic (pressure during relaxation).

A

Blood pressure

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21
Q

Layers of the Heart

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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22
Q

outermost layer and actually a part of the heart wall

A

Epicardium

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23
Q

consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whirled into ringlike arrangements and it is the layer that actually contracts

A

Myocardium

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24
Q

the innermost layer of the heart and is a thin, glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers.

A

Endocardium

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25
Q

two superior atria

A

Receiving Chambers

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26
Q

two inferior, thick-walled ventricles, or actual pumps of the heart wherein when they contract, blood is propelled out of the heart and into the circulation

A

Discharging chambers

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27
Q

divides the heart longitudinally

A

Septum

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28
Q

interventricular septum or the interatrial septum, depending on which chamber it separates.

A

Septum

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29
Q
  • upper right chamber
    Function: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
A

Right Atrium

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30
Q
  • lower right chamber
    Function: Receives the blood from the right atrium and pumps into pulmonary artery.
A

Right Ventricle

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31
Q
  • upper left chamber
    Function: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle.
A

Left Atrium

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32
Q
  • lower left chamber
    Function: Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta.
A

Left Ventricle

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33
Q

The heart is equipped with ________, which allow blood to flow in only one direction through the heart chambers.

A

four valves

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34
Q

the second set of valves, guards the bases of the two large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers, thus they are known as the ____________________________.

A

pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves

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35
Q
  • tricuspid valve which is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
    Function: Closes as the right ventricles contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the right atrium.
A

Right AV valve

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36
Q
  • bicuspid or mitral valve which is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
    Function: Closes as the left ventricles contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the left atrium.
A

Left AV valve

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37
Q
  • pulmonary or pulmonic valve located at the entrance of the pulmonary artery.
    Function: Closes when the right ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the right ventricle.
A

Right semilunar valve

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38
Q
  • aortic valve located at the entrance of the aorta.
    Function: Closes when the left ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the left ventricle.
A

Left semilunar valve

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39
Q

partition that separates the right from the left atria.

A

Interatrial septum

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40
Q

separates the right and the left ventricles.

A

Interventicular septum

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40
Q

separates the right and the left ventricles.

A

Interventicular septum

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41
Q
  • receives blood supply thru the left and right coronary arteries, and coronary veins return the oxygen depleted blood from the heart muscle back to the heart
  • supplies the blood and also provides drainage from the tissues.
  • composed of the left and right coronary arteries and coronary veins.
A

Coronary Circulation

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42
Q

blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of the heart into the aorta from which the systemic arteries branch to supply essentially all body tissues

A

Aorta

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43
Q

The human heart may have disorders which can be detected and addressed using the proper diagnostic tests:

A

Angina pectoris
Aortic stenosis
Bacterial endocarditis
Congestive heart failure
Myocardial infarction
Pericarditis

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44
Q

chest pain resulting from reduced blood flow to the heart.

A

Angina pectoris

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45
Q

a murmur sound produced when the aortic leaflets fail to fully open during systole.

A

Aortic stenosis

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46
Q

an infection that happens when a bacteria enters and resides in the heart lining or blood vessel.

A

Bacterial endocarditis

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47
Q

results to general feeling or weakness due to insufficient blood being pumped by the heart.

A

Congestive heart failure

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48
Q

known as heart attack due to decrease or full stoppage of blood flow that damages the heart muscle.

A

Myocardial infarction

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49
Q

inflammation of the pericardial sac that maybe due to viral infection

A

Pericarditis

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50
Q

DIAGNOSTICS TESTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

A

List of diagnostic tests for heart disorders:
Arterial Blood Gases (ABG)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
Cholesterol
Creatine kinase (CK)
Creatine Kinase (CK)-MB
Digoxin

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51
Q

DIAGNOSTICS TESTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

A

List of diagnostic tests for heart disorders:
Arterial Blood Gases (ABG)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
Cholesterol
Creatine kinase (CK)
Creatine Kinase (CK)-MB
Digoxin
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes
Microbial cultures
Myoglobin
Potassium (K)
Triglycerides
Troponin T (TnT)

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52
Q

the loop which consists of a system of blood vessels through which blood is circulated to the rest of the body.

A

Vascular System

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53
Q

There are two divisions of vascular system

A

the pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

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54
Q

The _____________________ moves the blood between the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. During the process, oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released, after which, the oxygenated blood flows back to the left atrium of the heart.

A

pulmonary circulation

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55
Q

The __________________ moves the oxygenated blood and nutrients from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body. The deoxygenated blood with carbon dioxide & wastes flows back to the right atrium.

A

systematic circulation

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56
Q

thick-walled blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.

A

Arteries

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57
Q

a small-diameter blood vessel that branches out from the arteries and leads to the capillaries.

A

Arterioles

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58
Q

tubes with thin walls that carry deoxygenated blood from tissues to the heart.

A

Veins

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59
Q

a very small vein that collects blood from the capillaries.

A

Venules

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60
Q

fine hair-like blood vessels that connect arterioles and veins.

A

Capillaries

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61
Q

Blood circulates inside the blood vessels, which form a _______________ system, the so-called vascular system.

A

closed transport

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62
Q
  • vessels that carry blood away from the heart
A

Artery

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63
Q

very small branches of arteries

A

Arterioles

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64
Q

collect the blood from the various organs and parts return the blood to the heart

A

Veins

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65
Q

very small branches of veins

A

Venules

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66
Q
  • minute thin-walled vessels that connect the arterioles and venules; nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the blood and body tissues
A

Capillaries

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67
Q

the walls of the blood vessels have _______ coats or tunics.

A

three

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68
Q

lines the lumen, or interior, of the vessels, is a thin layer of endothelium resting on a basement membrane and decreases friction as blood flows through the vessel lumen.

A

Tunica intima

69
Q
  • the bulky middle coat which mostly consists of smooth muscle and elastic fibers that constrict or dilate, making the blood pressure increase or decrease.
A

Tunica media

70
Q
  • the outermost tunic composed largely of fibrous connective tissue, and its function is basically to support and protect the vessels.
A

Tunica externa/Tunica adventitia

71
Q

space inside the blood vessel where the blood flows.

A

Lumen

72
Q

found in the veins, thin membranous leaflets that prevent backflow of blood.

A

Valves

73
Q

Oxygen-poor blood is returned to the heart thru the _________________________________ and it enters the ________________ of the heart.

A

superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium

74
Q

The right atrium contracts, pushing blood through the ______________, and into the ________________.

A

tricuspid valve, right ventricle

75
Q

The contraction on the right ventricle forces the blood to the _____________________ valve into the ________________________.

A

pulmonary semilunar, pulmonary artery

76
Q

It flows through the pulmonary artery to the ______________ of the lungs.

A

capillaries

77
Q

Oxygen-rich blood flows back to the heart thru the ________________________ and enters the _____________.

A

pulmonary veins, left atrium

78
Q

The left atrium contracts forcing the blood in the ___________________ into the left ventricle.

A

bicuspid valve

79
Q

The contraction of the left ventricle forces the blood through the __________________________ to the ___________.

A

aortic semilunar valve, aorta

80
Q

The blood travels through the body by the way of the arteries. They branch into smaller arteries and the smallest of which are the ________________.

A

arterioles

81
Q

The arterioles connect with the __________________. Oxygen, water, and nutrients from the blood are diffused through the capillary walls to the cells and carbon dioxide and other end product enters the bloodstream.

A

capillaries

82
Q

The capillaries connect with the _______________.

A

venules

83
Q

The venules merge into larger veins until the blood returns to the heart by thru the _____________________________.

A

superior or inferior vena cava

84
Q

an enlargement of the artery due to the weakening of the artery wall.

A

Aneurysm

85
Q

hardening of the artery wall due to aging.

A

Arteriosclerosis

86
Q

formation of plaques in the inner walls.

A

Atherosclerosis

87
Q

clot or bubble which causes obstruction of an artery.

A

Embolism

88
Q

obstruction that is carried and lodged in a vessel.

A

Embolus-

89
Q

swollen veins in the area of the anus.

A

Hemorrhoids

90
Q

inflammation of the veins particularly the wall.

A

Phlebitis

91
Q

swelling of the veins of the legs that usually occurs during pregnancy.

A

Thrombophlebitis

92
Q

blood clot that impedes blood flow.

A

Thrombus

93
Q

usually found in the legs, these are veins that have been twisted and have enlarged.

A

Varicose Veins

94
Q

Diagnostic Tests of the Vascular System

A

D-Dimer
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Lipoproteins
Prothombin time (PT)
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT/APTT)
Triglycerides

95
Q

The ___________ is the red fluid that is transported throughout the body through the circulatory system.

A

blood

96
Q

There are two functions:

A

Arterial blood
Venous blood

97
Q

connective tissue fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products.

A

Blood

98
Q

____________ where oxygen and nutrients are carried to the tissues

A

Arterial blood

99
Q

__________________ where carbon dioxide and metabolic by-products are carried to the lungs and kidneys for removal from the body.

A

Venous blood

100
Q

Blood is a type of connective tissue that consists of a ________________ containing cells and ________________ (formed elements).

A

liquid matrix (plasma), cell fragments

101
Q

The total blood volume in the average adult is about __________ liters (L) in females and _______ L in males

A

4–5, 5–6

102
Q

Plasma is __________%

A

55%

103
Q

Cell fragments is _______%

A

45%

104
Q

A __________ is the transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another.

A

transfusion

104
Q

An ___________ is the introduction of a fluid other than blood, such as a saline or glucose solution, into the blood.

A

infusion

105
Q

The surfaces of red blood cells have molecules called _________.

A

antigens

106
Q

the plasma includes proteins called ______________.

A

antibodies

107
Q

Antibodies are very _______, antibody can bind only to a certain antigen

A

specific

108
Q

the clumping of the cells

A

Agglutination

109
Q

rupture of the red blood cells

A

Hemolysis

110
Q

The _____________________ is used to categorize human blood.

A

ABO blood group system

111
Q

There are two types of antigens that may appear:

A

type A antigen and type B antigen.

112
Q

Named because it was first studied in the rhesus monkey

A

Rh Blood Group

112
Q

Named because it was first studied in the rhesus monkey

A

Rh Blood Group

113
Q

____________________________________ is necessary to determine the compatibility of the donor and recipient’s blood because an individual who do not produce the D antigen will produce anti-D which could be fatal if they encounter the D antigen.

A

Compatibility testing and cross-matching

114
Q

____________________ determines the ABO and Rh blood groups of a blood sample.

A

Blood typing

115
Q

A __________________ for agglutination reactions between donor and recipient blood.

A

crossmatch tests

115
Q

A __________________ for agglutination reactions between donor and recipient blood.

A

crossmatch tests

116
Q

caused by not having enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin.

A

Anemia

117
Q

cancer of the blood forming tissues like the bone marrow or the lympathic system.

A

Leukemia

118
Q

high number could indicate urinary tract infection.

A

Leukocytes

119
Q

increase of the number of white blood cells in the blood due to illness or infection.

A

Leukocytosis

119
Q

reduced number of white cells in the blood.

A

Leukopenia

120
Q

the marrow produces too many red blood cells resulting to blood thickening.

A

Polycythemia

121
Q

the body produces too many platelets (thrombocytes) which affects the blood clotting.

A

Thrombocytosis

122
Q

characterized by low platelet count.

A

Thrombocytopenia

123
Q

Diagnostic Test for Blood Disorders

A

ABO & RH type
Bone marrow examination
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Cross-match
Differential (diff)
Eosinophil (Eos) count
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Ferritin
Hematocrit (Hct)
Hemoglabin (Hb or Hgb)
Hemogram
Indices (MCH, MCV, MCHC)
Iron (Fe)
Reticulocyte (retic) count
Total iron-b-nding capacity (TIBC)

124
Q

The ______________________ of the human body is a network of tissues and organs that is responsible for the removal of toxins and waste in the body.

A

lymphatic system

125
Q

The main function of lymphatic system is to transport the ___________________________ to and from the lymph nodes throughout the body.

A

white blood cells

126
Q

The Lymphatic System is composed of fluids or lymph which is similar to plasma but is composed of __% water.

A

95%

127
Q

The lymph is transported throughout the system thru the lymphatic vessels, ducts and masses of lymph tissue called _____.

A

nodes

128
Q

Aside from the transporting the white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes, the Lymphatic System has other functions:

A
  1. transport back the tissue fluids to the bloodstream,
  2. removes impurities,
  3. processes lymphocytes and
  4. transport the fats absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream.
129
Q

inflammation of lymphatic channels resulting from an infection at a site distal to the channel.

A

Lymphangitis

130
Q

also called adenopathy, a disease where there is abnormality in the size or number of lymph nodes.

A

Lymphadenopathy

131
Q

enlargement of the spleen.

A

Splenomegaly

132
Q

cancer on the part of the immune system characterized by enlarged lymph nodes.

A

Hodgkin’s disease

133
Q

a type of cancer that develops from lymphocytes.

A

Lymphosarcoma

134
Q

cancer that begins with the lymphocytes.

A

Lymphoma

135
Q

Diagnostic Test for the Lymphatic System disorder

A
  • Bone marrow biopsy
  • Complete Blood Count
  • Culture & Sensitivity
  • Lymph node biopsy
  • Mononucleosis test
135
Q

Diagnostic Test for the Lymphatic System disorder

A
  • Bone marrow biopsy
  • Complete Blood Count
  • Culture & Sensitivity
  • Lymph node biopsy
  • Mononucleosis test
136
Q

__________________ is the stoppage of bleeding as a response to an injury whether it be normal vasoconstriction where the vessel walls close temporarily, abnormal obstruction like plaque or by coagulation such as litigation.

A

Hemostasis

137
Q

the vessel walls are constricted after an injury which results to reduced flow of flood in the site of injury.

A

Vasoconstriction

138
Q

_________________________________________ - platelets stick together on the site of the injury forming as plug.

A

Formation of the primary platelet plug

139
Q

There are four interrelated responses:

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Formation of the primary platelet plug
  • Progression to the stable blood clot
  • Fibrinolysis or dissolving of clot
140
Q

_________________ is the process where the blood changes from a liquid form into a gel that forms the blood clot.

A

Coagulation or clotting

141
Q

The coagulation factors refer to the _______________ that is needed in the coagulation.

A

proteins

142
Q

There are three types:

A
  1. Enzyme precursors,
  2. Cofactors, and
  3. Substrates
143
Q

Pathways of the clotting cascade:

A

Extrinsic pathway
Intrinsic pathway

144
Q

Phases of cell-based coagulation:

A

Initiation
Amplification, and
Propagation

145
Q

________________ is an enzyme that plays an important role in coagulation.

A

Thrombin

146
Q
  • due to contraction of smooth muscle fibers
  • Decrease blood flow and limits blood lost
  • reduces diameter of blood vessel
A

Vasoconstriction

147
Q
  • The initiation phase
A

Platelet Plug formation

147
Q
  • Amplification
  • Propagation
A

Secondary hemostatic plug formation

148
Q

___________________ is the process where the fibrin is dissolved.

A

Fibrinolysis

149
Q

Fibrinolysis has two main activities:

A

(1) the intact vessels are reopened by dissolving the clots, and (2) removing hemostatic clots from the tissue as part of the healing process.

150
Q

The ___________ role in the hemostasis is to synthesize coagulation factors such as V, VIII, prothrombin, & fibrogen. This organ produces heparin and bile salts needed for synthesis. It is also responsible for the production of bile salts needed for vitamin K absorption.

A

liver’s

151
Q

happens when blood clot forms in one or more deep veins, usually in the legs.

A

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)

152
Q

when the formation of small clots blocks the small blood vessels.

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

153
Q

disorder involving lack of sufficient blood-clotting proteins.

A

Hemophilia

154
Q

low platelet count

A

Thrombocytopenia

155
Q

Diagnostic Test for Hemostatic disorders

A

Bleeding time
D-dimer
Factor assays
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Platelet function assay (PFA)
Prothrombin time (PT)
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT or APTT)

156
Q

also called the elbow pit is a triangular area on the anterior of the elbow.
the first-choice for venipuncture site because there are several major arm veins called antecubital veins which are close to the surface which makes it easy to locate and penetrate.

A

Antecubital fossa

157
Q
  • a vein arrangement that occurs in about 70% of the population.
A

H-Shaped antecubital veins

158
Q

second choice in venipuncture site; harder to palpate; only available site for obese patients;

A

Cephalic Vein

159
Q
  • last choice vein in vebipuncture; not well anchored; punctures are more painful;
A

Basilic vein

160
Q

the intermediate antebrachial vein and involves the median, median cephalic and median basilic veins.

A

M-Shaped antecubital veins

161
Q

intermediate antebrachial vein; first-choice vein; safest and less painful;

A

Median vein

162
Q

intermediate cephalic vein; second choice in venipuncture site; less likely to roll;

A

Median cephalic vein

163
Q

intermediate basilic vein; last choice vein because although it is more painful;

A

Medial basilic vein

164
Q

used only if the antecubital veins are not accessible. The veins at the back of the hand which can be used are smaller, so it may be very painful. Take note that the underside of the wrist is never used as a venipuncture site.

A

Other arm and hand veins

165
Q

not used for routine blood collection and limited to collection of arterial blood gas. Special training is needed and it is more risky for the patient.

A

Arteries

PMLS 2 - LEC (4 decks)

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