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PMLS 2 - LEC > 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHLEBOTOMY > Flashcards

1: INTRODUCTION TO PHLEBOTOMY Flashcards

1
Q

Phlebotomy is also known as _____________ act of opening a vein by using incision or puncture methods to draw blood for analysis or as part of therapeutic or diagnostic measures under the physician’s request

A

venesection

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2
Q

which means vein

A

phlebos

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3
Q

which means to cut

A

temnein

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4
Q

used crude tools to cut vessels and drain blood from the body

A

Stone Age

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5
Q

a form of “Bloodletting”

A

Ancient Egyptians (1400 B.C.)

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6
Q

balance of the four humors, removing the excess by bloodletting

A

Hippocrates (460 - 377 B.C.)

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7
Q

used to treat illness and performed by barber-surgeons

A

Middle ages

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8
Q

treated as major therapy

A

17th and 18th century

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9
Q
  • Ventosa
  • alternative medicine
  • application of special heated suction cups on the patient’s skin
  • incision using a fleam or lancet
A

Cupping

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10
Q
  • known as Hirudotherapy
  • uses leeches for bloodletting
  • used for microsurgical replantation
A

Leeching

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11
Q

obtain samples of blood for testing; collect blood from donors for those in need of blood transfusions, sometimes handle other types of specimens, such as urine, sputum, stool, and hair

A

Phlebotomist

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12
Q
  • For diagnosis and treatment using blood samples
  • For transfusion, to remove blood at the donor center
  • For removal of blood for polycythemia or therapeutic purposes
  • Patient - Client Interaction
    > Reassuring and pleasant
    > Able to communicate well
    > Maintain positive customer relations
    > Understand the diversity of the patients and be able to adjust accordingly
A

Role of Phlebotomist

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13
Q

Credentials

A

Certification, Licensure, Continuing Education

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14
Q

Qualities of Professionalism

A

(1) Professional appearance
(2) Self-confidence
(3) Integrity
(4) Compassion
(5) Self-motivation
(6) Dependability
(7) Ethical Behavior

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15
Q

Communication in the Healthcare Setting

A

Verbal, Nonverbal, Active Listening

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16
Q

Elements in the Healthcare Communication

A
  • Empathy
  • Control
  • Respect
  • Confirmation
  • Trust
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17
Q

Areas of the Hospital (12)

A

*Electrocardiology (EKG)
*Electroencephalography (EEG)
*Radiology
*Pharmacy
*Physical therapy
*Occupational therapy
*Nursing
*Laboratory
*Environmental services
*Administration
*Food service
*Medical records

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18
Q

Phases of Sample Testing

A

Pre-Examination, Examination, Post-Examination

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19
Q
  • Previously know as pre-analytical phase
  • Includes all processes from collecting the sample to having it ready for testing
A

Pre-Examination

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20
Q

Clinician’s request
Patient identification and information
Correct sample collection
Correct primary sample identification
Correct use of all equipment
Sample preparation or centrifugation
Proper preparation of sample aliquots
Maintaining sample integrity

A

Pre-Examination

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21
Q
  • Previously known as analytical phase
  • Includes all processes done to sample to achieve result
A

Examination

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22
Q

Sample testing
Maintaining testing equipment
Maintaining reagents

A

Examination

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23
Q
  • Previously known as postanalytical phase
  • Process in which the results of the testing are communicated to the health care provider or physician
A

Post-Examination

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24
Q

Reporting of results
Ensuring accuracy and reliability of delivery of results
Follow-up to repeat testing or address physician’s concerns
Storage of sample after the examination

A

Post-Examination

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25
Q

A _________ is an establishment that has permanent inpatient beds with 24-hour nursing service along with therapeutic & diagnostic services managed by organized medical staff or personnel. It houses the clinical laboratory services (clinical laboratory) where tests requested by physicians are performed.

A

hospital

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26
Q

Two Major Divisions of Clinical Analysis Area

A
  1. Anatomical and Surgical Pathology Area
  2. Clinical Analysis Area
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27
Q

Clinical Analysis Areas (7 Areas)

A
  1. Hematology
  2. Coagulation
  3. Chemistry
  4. Serology
  5. Urinalysis
  6. Microbiology
  7. Blood bank/Immunohematology
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28
Q

blood & blood forming tissues

A

Hematology

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29
Q

checks the hemoglobin level and the red cell count.

A

Hematocrit (Hct)

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30
Q

tests the value to rule out anemia.

A

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

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31
Q

used to measure the erythropoietic activity.

A

Red Blood Cell (RBC) count

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32
Q

checks the leukocyte response

A

White Blood Cell (WBC) count

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33
Q

used to monitor chemotherapy and radiation conditions.

A

Platelet (Plt ct) count

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34
Q

monitors changes in the appearance or quantity of specific cell types

A

Differential White Count (Diff)

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35
Q

shows the changes in RBC size, weight and Hgb content

A

Indices

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36
Q

gives the weight of the hemoglobin in the cell.

A

Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

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37
Q

shows the size of the cell.

A

Mean Corpuscular volume (MCV)

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38
Q

gives information on the concentration of the hemoglobin per unit volume of RBCs.

A

Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

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38
Q

measures the size differences of the RBCs

A

Red blood distribution width (RDW)

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39
Q

used to monitor liver disease.

A

Alanine amino tranferase (ALT)

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40
Q

checks levels especially for prenatal screening

A

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

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40
Q

determines level to check obstructions and bone disease.

A

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

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41
Q

measures the level which could indicate cirrhosis and hepatitis.

A

Ammonia

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42
Q

checks the enzyme level which could indicate liver disease, cholesystitis, etc.

A

Amylase

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43
Q

performs most lab test for plasma, white blood, urine, etc.

A

Chemistry

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44
Q

measures the level which is indicative of liver dysfunction.

A

Aspartate Amino-Transferase (AST)

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45
Q

shows the level in the bloodstream that shows red blood destruction

46
Q

evaluates acid-base balance by measuring the pH, partial pressure of the carbon dioxide and oxygen.

A

Blood Gases (ABG)

46
Q

evaluates acid-base balance by measuring the pH, partial pressure of the carbon dioxide and oxygen.

A

Blood Gases (ABG)

47
Q

evaluates acid-base balance by measuring the pH, partial pressure of the carbon dioxide and oxygen.

A

Blood Gases (ABG)

48
Q

checks elevated levels which leads to impaired renal function.

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

49
Q

a cardiac marker for congestive heart failure

A

B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

50
Q

detects low level of CRP

A

C-reactive protein High sensitivity (hs-CRP)

51
Q

used for early detection of malignancy in colorectal cancer.

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

52
Q

used for monitoring effects of the renal failure.

53
Q

indicates risk of cardiovascular diseases.

A

Cholesterol (total)

54
Q

shows adrenal hypofunction and hyperfunction

55
Q

used to check muscle damage.

A

Creatine Kinase (CK)

56
Q

checks for cases that indicate renal impairment or muscular dystrophy.

A

Creatinine

57
Q

monitors therapeutic range to avoid toxic levels for drugs.

A

Drug Analysis

58
Q

shows the sodium values that determines disorder of the kidney and adrenals

A

Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2)

59
Q

used to check diabetic problems, liver disease or malnutrition.

60
Q

used for diagnosis of liver specifically hepatobiliary problems.

A

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

61
Q

determines the Glycohemoglobin level that shows the diabetic control over the past months.

A

Hemoglobin A1C

62
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase

A

checks lung, kidney and liver dysfunction.

63
Q

shows the level that could lead to pancreatitis, pancreatic carcinoma

64
Q

a test that screens patients for presence of prostate cancer.

A

Prostate specific antigen

65
Q

used to check liver and kidney disorders.

A

Total Protein

66
Q

serves as index to evaluation of atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism disorder.

A

Triglycerides

67
Q

used for early diagnosis of small myocardial infarcts.

A

Troponin-I

68
Q

used to check levels that indicates gout and renal problems.

A

Uric Acid tests

69
Q

done to check for anemia and diseases of the small intestine.

A

Vitamin B12 and folate tests

70
Q

Immunology/Serology

A

serum and autoimmune reactions

71
Q

shows autoimmune disorders such as systematic lupus erythematosus

A

Antinuclear antibody (ANA)

72
Q

indicates streptococcal infection

A

Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer

73
Q

checks cases of atypical pneumonia

A

Cold agglutinins

74
Q

shows presence of antibodies to specific organisms

A

Febrile agglutinins

75
Q

confirms syphilis

76
Q

when positive it is indicative of syphilis but it needs confirmation

A

Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)

77
Q

indicates rheumatoid arthritis

A

Rheumatoid factor (RF)

78
Q

screens Human immunodeficiency virus

79
Q

is a confirmation test

A

Cytomegalovirus antibody (CMV)

80
Q

checks for presence of heterophil antibody which indicates infectious mononucleosis

A

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

81
Q

checks for presence of hepatitis antigen in the surface of the red cells

A

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)

82
Q

indicates inflammation when levels are increased

A

C-reactive protein (CRP)

83
Q

tests are present when patient is pregnant

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

84
Q

indicates presence of blood melanin, bilirubin or urobilin in the urine specimen

85
Q

shows presence of fat, chyle bacteria which affects the turbidity

86
Q

suggests renal tubular involvement or ADH deficiency

A

Specific Gravity

87
Q

Hematuria could be due to hemorrhage, infection or trauma

88
Q

helps differentiate between obstructive and hemolytic jaundice

89
Q

Glucosuria maybe a result of diabetis melitus, renal impairments

90
Q

uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or starvation

91
Q

indicates urinary tract infection if there is a lot of neutrophils

92
Q

indicates in acid-base balance

93
Q

Proteinura is an indicateor of renal dysfunction or disorder

94
Q

positive results could mean bacterial infection

95
Q

increases in amount when patient suffers from hepatic issues

A

Urolibinogen

96
Q

shows the status of the urinary tract, hematuria, pyuria, etc.

A

Microscopic Evaluation

97
Q

microorganisms in body fluids or tissues

A

Microbiology

98
Q

is used to monitor treatment for TB

A

Acid-fast bacili (AFB)

99
Q

checks presence of bacteria which indicates bacteremia or septicemia

A

Blood culture

100
Q

shows presence of Helicobacter pylori

101
Q

indicates infection if there is growth in the pathogenic microorganism

A

Culture & Sensitivity (C&S)

102
Q

used to determine the type fungi if present

A

Fungus culture and identification

103
Q

done to allow antimicrobial therapy while waiting for culture results

A

Gram stain

104
Q

checks for blood in the stool which could result from gastrointestinal bleeding

A

Occult blood

105
Q

solves “etiology unknown” intestinal disorders

A

Ova and parasites

106
Q

blood for transfusion

A

Bloodbank/Immunohematology

107
Q

agglutination means presence of abnormal antibodies in the blood

A

Antibody (Ab) screen

108
Q

determines transfusion incompatibility

A

Direct antihuman globulin test (DAT)

109
Q

shows the blood group (ABO) and type (Rh)

A

Type and RH

110
Q

shows the blood group and screens for antibodies in the recipient’s blood

A

Type and crossmatch

111
Q

detects antibodies and antigen in both recipient’s and donor’s blood

A

Compatibility testing

112
Q

Established in the emergency room

PMLS 2 - LEC (4 decks)

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