3 — chronic disease prevention Flashcards
Risk factors for CV (Controllable)
Smoking
High blood pressure
Physical inactivity
BMI
Less than recommended fruit/veg consumption
Diabetes
Risk factors for CV (Uncontrollable)
DNA (family history)
Age
Sex
Ethnicity
Controllable: Smoking
Plaque
The lining of the arteries
Platelets more stick
Some chemicals
(Nicotine, acrolein (weed killer), carbon monoxide, cyanide, formaldehyde, and arsenic)
Diacetyl — popcorn lung
- Popping sound when breathing
Heavy metals
Controllable: High blood pressure
High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Strains + weakens, enlarges heart
- Scars + hardens arteries (tunica)
- Kidney failure (secondary, decreased water => blood viscosity)
Normal = 120/80
Hypertension = 140/90
Controllable: Cholesterol level
Fatty, wax-like substance, hydrophobic
Phospholipid bilayer
Important for cell membrane + steroid hormones
Obtained through food + body production (liver)
Carried in lipoproteins
- LDL, HDL, vLDL
Low-density lipoproteins
Blood fats that are transported to organs + tissues
Excess is stuck in between endothelial cells
Type A
- Large, buoyant
- Less harmful
Type B
- Smaller
- More dangerous
High-density lipoproteins
Blood fats that transport out of arteries back to liver
- Athero-protective
- Scavenger
- Liver converts into bile
- Bile is excreted
Cholesterol + Exercise
HDL increase with exercise
LDL + TG decrease with exercise
Enhances transport
Increase gastric emptying [smooth muscle activity]
Cholesterol guidelines (numeric)
Total = <200mg/dL or 5.2 mmol/L
TG = <150mg/dL or 1.7 mmol/L
HDL = >50mg/dL or 1.5 mmol/L
LDL = <130mg/dL or 3.3 mmol/L
Cholesterol + food
Trans/saturated fat increases LDL
Unsaturated fats increase HDL
Refined sugars produce more LDLs in the liver
LOWER omega 6
RAISE Omega 3
Controllable: Physical inactivity
Decrease BP — decrease systolic
Triglycerides — endurance, long steady run
Increase HDL — angiogenesis, hypoxia, mitochondrial biogenesis
weight, blood vessel condition, etc
Physical activity (BP effects)
Reduces visceral fat
Plasma renin (aldosterone) + catecholamine (adrenaline)
Resting HR
NO [nitric oxide] — increased → vasodilator
Controllable: Weight, BMI/obesity
Men — 4% essential
Women — 12-15% essential
Fat collects around the torso
- Inflammation [leptin]/cytokine release
- Waist-to-hip ratio
- Insulin resistance
Controllable:
Sugar/glucose levels (T2D)
- Increase blood levels of glucose
- Damages lining of arteries (→ hypoxia)
Contributing:
High triglyceride levels
- Blood fats (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
- Derived from sugary goods + fats
=> atherosclerosis
Contributing:
Psychological + social factors
Stress
Depression/anxiety
Isolation
=> chronically high levels of cortisol + low oxytocin
Waist hip ratio
Women = 0.8 or below
Men = 0.95 or below
Major forms of CV disease (x5)
Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Heart disease + attacks
Stroke
Congestive heart failure
Primary hypertension
Increasing output of blood or increased resistance
Secondary hypertension
Kidney, increased H2O, resistance, pressure
Controlling BP
Healthy body weight
Regular physical activity
Healthy diet
- Fiber = 30-38g MEN, 25g WOMEN/day
- Salt = 1500 mg/day (adequate), 2300 mg/day (limit)
Atherosclerosis
Build up of plaque along the artery walls
=> Carotid artery disease (CAD)
Thrombus + embolus
Lipidemia: too much fat in the blood
Atherosclerosis + activity
PA increases blood flow => increasing pressure => release vasodilators (PGI2 + NO)
Heart disease + attack
: damage to (or death) of heart muscles
Myocardial infarction
Result of — not delivering enough blood to the body
=> hypoxia => tissue death (necrosis)
