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2. Chemistry A-level > 3. Chemistry of Carbon Compounds > Flashcards

3. Chemistry of Carbon Compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

alkanes

A
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2
Q

alkenes

A
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3
Q

halogenoalkanes

A
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4
Q

alcohols

A
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5
Q

carboxylic acids

A

take priority, use carbon from this as C1

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6
Q

aldehydes

A
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7
Q

ketones

A
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8
Q

esters

A
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9
Q

how to name compounds

A
  1. find longest carbon chain
  2. The suffix (or prefix) of the name depends on the main functional group of the molecule

3.Number the carbon atoms in the chain so that the functional group (or side chain in an alkane) has the lowest possible number.

4.A side chain or secondary functional group is added as a prefix at the beginning of the name.

5.Common prefixes are methyl for a -CH3 group, ethyl for a -C2H5 group and chloro for a -Cl group. The prefixes are listed in alphabetical order. For example, ethyl comes before methyl.

6.If more than one identical side chain or functional group, use di- for 2, tri- for 3 and tetra- for 4.

7.Commas are put between numbers (e.g. 2,3), and dashes are put between numbers and letters (e.g. 2-methyl).

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10
Q

empirical formula

A

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. The empirical formula may also be the molecular formula of the compound, or the molecular formula could be any multiple of the empirical formula

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11
Q

molecular formula

A

actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule. This does not show the functional group of a compound.

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12
Q

displayed formula

A

shows all the atoms, and the bonds linking them, in the compound. This clearly shows the functional group present and would be used when considering a reaction mechanism.

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13
Q

skeletal formula

A

shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton as well as any functional groups. The carbon and hydrogen atoms that are part of the main carbon chain aren’t shown. It can reduce confusion when complex molecules are being considered and is widely used in research.

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14
Q

saturated

A

only contains single bonds

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15
Q

unsaturated

A

carbon carbon double bond

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16
Q

homologous series

A

family of compounds with different chemiscal properties

differ by CH2

17
Q

functional group

A

responsible for molecules chemical properties

18
Q

hydrocarbon

A

compound containign carbon and hydrogen

19
Q

carbon

A

can form large number of compounds

4 electrons in the outer shell

each carbon can form 4 covalent bonds

can form single, double or triple bonds

20
Q

three types of hydrocarbon

A

aliphatic

alicyclic

aromatic

21
Q

aliphatic hydrocarbon

A

carbon atoms joined in unbranched (straigt) or branched chains

22
Q

alicyclic hydrocarbon

A

carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures

23
Q

aromatic hydrocarbon

A

some or all of carbons are found in benzene ring

24
Q

benzene ring

A

ring of 6 carbons with one hydrogen atom attached

25
Q

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (three homologous series):

A

alkanes

alkenes

alkynes

26
Q

Alkanes

A

contain single carbon to carbon bonds

27
Q

Alkenes

A

contain at least one carbon double bond

28
Q

alkynes

A

contain at least one triple carbon to carbon bond

29
Q

name indication:
stem
prefix
suffix

A

stem - number of carbon atoms in longest chain

prefix - indicates presence of side chin or functional groups

suffux - after stem indcates functional group

30
Q

naming aliphatic alkanes

A
  1. suffix - ane
    1. longest chain of carbon atons
  3. side chains (alkyl groups), name of alkyl group is added to prefix
  4. number before alkyl groups show position on parent chain

eg 2,2-dimethlybutane

31
Q

multiple side chains

A

two - di
three - tri
four - tetra

eg di methyl

32
Q

naming alicylic alkanes (cyclic)

A

use prefix cyclo

33
Q

naming alkenes

A
  1. choose suffix (alkenes use -ene)
  2. longest carbon cahin
  3. identify double bond (list smallest number when naming)

eg pent-2-ene

34
Q

naming compounds with a functional group

A
  1. longest carbon chain
  2. identify functional groups of alkly side chains
  3. number alkly groups and functional groups to indicate position on longest unbranched chain
35
Q

general formula of:
alkanes

A
36
Q

general formula of:
alkenes

A
37
Q

general formula of:
alcholos

A
38
Q

general formula of:
carboxylic acids

A
39
Q

general formula of:
kentones

A

2. Chemistry A-level (7 decks)

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