3. Chemical Bonding

Question 1

Define electronegativity

Answer 1

The power of an atom to attract electrons to itself

Question 2

Define ionic bonding

Answer 2

The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 3

Define covalent bonding

Answer 3

The electrostatic attraction between the nuclei of two atoms and a shared pair of electrons

Question 4

Define the term lone pairs

Answer 4

Pairs of electrons in the outer shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding

Question 5

Define bond energy

Answer 5

The energy needed to break one mole of a particular covalent bond in the gaseous state. The units of bond energy are kilojoules per mole.

Question 6

Define bond length

Answer 6

The distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms

Question 7

Define metallic bonding

Answer 7

The electrostatic attraction between positive ions and delocalized electrons

Question 8

What two conditions are necessary for hydrogen bonding to take place

Answer 8

1. A hydrogen atom bonded to a strongly electronegative element
2. The electronegative atom must have at least one lone pair of electrons
   Eg, fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen

Question 9

How is dative covalent bonding formed?

Answer 9

It forms when the shared pair of electrons in the covalent bond come from only one of the bonding atoms.

Question 10

What are permanent dipole- permanent dipole forces?

Answer 10

Attractive forces between two neighboring molecules with a permanent dipole.

Question 11

What are instantaneous dipole- induced dipole forces?

Answer 11

Attractive forces between a temporary dipole and a neighboring molecule with an induced dipole.