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Cardiovascular System > 3. Cardiovascular mechanics 2 > Flashcards

3. Cardiovascular mechanics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Diastole

A

Ventricular relaxation

during which ventricles fill with blood

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2
Q

Systole

A

Ventricular contraction

ventricles generate pressure then eject blood into the arteries

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3
Q

How many sub phases in diastole?

A

4

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4
Q

How many sub phases in systole

A

3

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5
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV)

A

volume of blood in ventricles just before ventricles contract

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6
Q

End systolic volume (ESV)

A

residual volume of blood in ventricles after contraction

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7
Q

Stroke volume calculation

A

EDV - ESV

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8
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped out of heart in 1 beat

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9
Q

Ejection fraction calculation

A

(Stroke volume / EDV) X 100

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10
Q

Typical EDV

A

108 mL

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11
Q

Typical ESV

A

36 mL

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12
Q

Typical stroke volume

A

72 mL

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13
Q

Ejection fraction

A

amount of blood pushed out of heart in relation to amount of blood filling heart

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14
Q

Ejection fraction is a clinical sign of

A

how well ventricles are contracting

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15
Q

Ejection fraction values normal vs heart failure

A

Normal = 60-70%

Heart failure= 30-40%

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16
Q

Atrial Systole

A

Contraction of atria

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17
Q

Atrial systole on ECG

A

P wave

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18
Q

Atria already almost full from passive filling driven by pressure gradient. They contract…

A

to ‘top-up’ volume of blood in ventricle

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19
Q

Does atrial systole make a noise?

A

Not normally, but

4th heart sound – abnormal, occurs with congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism or tricuspid incompetence

20
Q

Isovolumetric contraction on ECG

A

QRS complex

Ventricular depolarisation

21
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

Contraction of ventricles with no change in volume, but pressure increases

22
Q

Does Isovolumetric contraction make a noise?

A

Yes
1st heart sound (‘lub’)
due to closure of AV valves and associated vibrations

23
Q

Rapid ejection

A

Ventricles contract, pressure within them exceeds pressure in aorta and pulmonary arteries.
Semilunar valves open, blood pumped out and volumes of ventricles decrease

24
Q

Type of contraction in rapid ejection

A

Isotonic

25
Q

Does rapid ejection make a noise?

A

No

26
Q

Reduced ejection

A

End of systole
Blood flow from ventricles decreases and ventricular volume decreases more slowly
As pressures in ventricles fall below that in arteries, blood begins to flow back causing semilunar valves to close

27
Q

Reduced ejection on ECG

A

T wave

Ventricles begin to repolarise

28
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves shut, but AV valves remain closed until ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure. (No change in volume)
Atrial pressure continues to rise

29
Q

Does isovolumetric relaxation make a noise?

A

Yes
2nd heart sound (‘dub’)
due to closure of semilunar and associated vibrations

30
Q

Rapid passive filling

A

Ventricles start to fill with blood

31
Q

Rapid passive filling on ECG

A

isoelectric (flat) between cardiac cycles

32
Q

Does rapid passive filling make a noise?

A

Not normally

3rd heart sound – usually abnormal, may signify turbulent ventricular filling

33
Q

Reduced passive filling

A

Ventricular volume fills more slowly

Able to fill considerably without contraction of atria

34
Q

Reduced passive filling AKA

A

Diastasis

35
Q

Patterns of pressure changes

A

Are identical in right and left side of heart

36
Q

Why are patterns of pressure changes identical in both sides of the heart?

A

Both ventricles eject the same volume of blood

37
Q

Which side of the heart pumps blood at a higher pressure?

A

Left

38
Q

Pressure volume loops:

Increases in preload results in

A

increased stroke volume

39
Q

Pressure volume loops:

Increases in afterload result in

A

decreased stroke volume

40
Q

Cardiac output calculation

A

Heart rate X Stroke volume

41
Q

Can change CO by changing

A

HR and SV

42
Q

SV can be changed by

A

preload, afterload and contractility

43
Q

Contractility

A

Contractile capability (or strength of contraction) of the heart

44
Q

Measure of contractility

A

Ejection fraction

45
Q

What is contractility increased by?

A

Sympathetic stimulation

Cardiovascular System (16 decks)

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