3: Bonding and Chemical Interactions

Question 1

octet rule

Answer 1

desire of all atoms to achieve noble gas conifguration

Question 2

incomplete octet

Answer 2

hydrogen (2), helium (2), Lithium (2), Beryllium (4), Boron (6)

Question 3

expanded octet

Answer 3

period 3+

Question 4

odd number electrons

Answer 4

any molecule with an odd number of valence electrons… ex. NO has 11 valence

Question 5

ionic bonding

Answer 5

1+ electrons from an atom with low ionization energy (metal) transferred to an atom of high electron affinity (nonmetal)

• electrostatic attraction between opposite charges holds ions togetherr
  
  • creates crystal lattice stucture

Question 6

covalent bonding

Answer 6

electron pair is shared between 2 atoms (nonmetals) that have relatively similar values of electronegativity

• can be nonpolar or polar depending on difference in electronegativity

Question 7

coordinate covalent

Answer 7

both shared lectrons are contributed by only one of the 2 atoms

• lone pair of one atom attacked another atom with an unhybridized p-orbital to form a bond…

Question 8

characteristics of an ionic bond

Answer 8

• high melting and boiling points because strength of electrostatic force between ionic constituents
• dissolve readily in water and other polar oslvents
• good conductors of electricity
• crystalline lattice in solid state consiting of repeating positive and negative ions to maximize attractive forces and minimize repulsive forces

Question 9

bond order

Answer 9

number of shared electron pairs between 2 atoms

Question 10

bond length

Answer 10

average distance between 2 nuclei of an atom

Question 11

bond energy

Answer 11

enegy required to break a bond by separating its components into their isolate, gasous atomic states

Question 12

naturally occuring diatomic elements

Answer 12

H_2, N_2, O_2, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂

• 7 of them and form number 7 on periodic table

Question 13

range of electronegativities for bonds

Answer 13

0-0.5: nonpolar

0. 5-1.7: polar
1. 7+: ionic

Question 14

dipole moment

Answer 14

measure of seperation of positive and negative chargers

p=qd

(q=magnitdue, d=displacement vector separating partial charges)

Question 15

formal charge

Answer 15

difference between number of electrons assigned to an atom in a Lewis structure and number of electrons normally found in that atom’s valence shell

FC=V-#_nonbonding-1/2#_bonding