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095. Renal Exam 1 > 3. Body Fluid Compartments > Flashcards

3. Body Fluid Compartments Flashcards

1
Q

ECF is calculated by taking 0.2 times the body weight. What can the ECF be further divided into?

A 
Interstial fluid (0.75 x ECF)
Plasma (0.25 x ECF)
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2
Q

Plasma is the only fluid that can be acted on directly to control its volume and composition… so this means any control mechanism that operates on plasma in effect regulates what?

A

the entire ECF

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3
Q

Water added to the body fluids enters ____ compartment first and fluid always leaves the body via _____

A

ECF , ECF!

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4
Q

What are the main outputs for fluid? (5)

A 
kidneys
lungs
feces
sweat
skin
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5
Q

The normal intake of fluids is 2100 ingested and 200 from metabolism, equaling 2300. What is the typical output?

A

2300 via kidneys, lungs, feces, sweat, and skin

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6
Q

During heavy excercis, what is the total output of fluids?

A

6600ml

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7
Q

What is it called when too much fluid shifts from the blood vessels (intravascular) into the nonfunctional area of cells? (fluid is trapped between tissues and organs of the abdomen-ascites, interstitial area around lungs-pulmonary edema, often due to burns)

A

Third spacing- this is problematic d/t fluid being lost from intravascular space

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8
Q

It is important to remember solutes do not travel from one side to another. Water moves through a semipermeable membrane from higher concentration of water (lower [solute], more diluted solution) to ?

A

lower concentration of water (with a higher [solute], more concentrated solution)

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9
Q

Why are the concentrations of Na high in the ECF and K+ high in the ICF?

A

Due to the Na/K ATPase, which pumps 3Na out and 2K in

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10
Q

What are the primary cations for the ECF and ICF?

A

ECF is Na and ICF is K+

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11
Q

Nonelectrolytes have covalent bonds that prevent them from dissociating in solution and have no charge. What about electrolytes?

A

Dissociate into ions in water Ex: NaCl = Na + Cl, MgCl2 = Mg + Cl + Cl

  • greater ability to cause fluid shift *
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12
Q

What is the measure of the number of osmotically active particles per Kg of H20?

A

osmolality

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13
Q

What is the number of osmotically active particles per liter of total solution?

A

Osmolarity (interchangable with osmolality)

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14
Q

The ECF in blood consists of 60% of the total, including plasma, WBC and platelets. The ICF in the blood consists of?

A

40% and mainly the red blood cells

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15
Q

An ECF volume loss will result in what regarding plasma?

A

increased total plasma protein (concentration)

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16
Q

An ECF volume gain will result in what regarding plasma?

A

decreased total plasma protein (diluted)

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17
Q

The normal hematocrit for men is 0.40 and for women is 0.36. (calculated by height of RBCs/ total height) What is the hematocrit for people with anemia?

A

0.10 which is barely sufficient to sustain life

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18
Q

If ECF volume is lost or ICF volume is gained this would lead to what regarding hematocrit?

A

an increase in hematocrit (concentrated ECF/swelling RBC)

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19
Q

If ECF volume is gained or ICF volume is lost, this would lead to what regarding hematocrit?

A

a decrease in hematocrit (diluted ECF/shrunk RBC)

20
Q

A more accurate way to measure fluid compartments is by using an indicator/marker that will occupy the compartment you want to measure and only that compartment. What are the most commonly used indicators to measure ECF (1), TBW (1), and Plasma V (1)?

A

Inulin for ECF
H202/3 for TBW
125I-albumin for plasma volume

21
Q

What will happen to ecf volume, osmolarity and icf volume and osmolarity if you sweat 3 liters and drink 3 liters of h20?

A

ic volume increases d/t increase in h20
ic osmolarity decreases d/t increase V- diluted
ec volume decreases because goes to ic
ec osmolarity decreases d/t lost of salt in sweat

22
Q

Negatively charged ions (anions) create two events.
1. protein particles create an oncotic gradient favoring movement into cell
2. negative charges on proteins create and electrical gradient, favoring movement into cell.
What is this effect?

A

Gibbs-Donnan effect: which states how negative charged proteins on one side of a semipermable membrane generates both osmotic and electrochemical gradients

23
Q

How is the gibbs-donnan effect countered? (if it was not countered there would be endless influx of water into the cell, resulting in swelling and cell death)

A

via the Na/K ATPase, 3Na out and 2K in, keeping sodium outside of the cell so it doesnt swell, preventing excessive influx of water

24
Q

What are the two factors that make the free movement of fluid possible?

A
  1. water molecules diffuse through capillary walls faster than blood
  2. there is a pressure difference between the inside and outside of the vessels (cap filtration pressure)
25
Q

What would cause more filtration and the hydrostatic capillary pressure to increase?

A

increase blood flow/BP would increase the amount of filtration and increase the hydrostatic capillary pressure

26
Q

usually in the arterioles there is filtration and what mainly occurs in the venules?

A

absorption

27
Q

What pressure is referred to as the osmotic pulling force of albumin or any larger negative protein in the intravascular space which attracts water and holds it inside the blood vessel?

A

plasma colloid osmotic pressure

28
Q

The first main cause of edema is by alteration in capillary hemodynamics- fluid moves from vascular space into the interstitium. the second main cause is?

A

Renal retention of dietary Na+ and water expansion of ECF volume, usually results in hypertension.

29
Q

What type of cell has a NaCl solution concentration equal to 0.9% and if cells are placed in this solution, there will be equal movement of water in and out?

A

Isotonic solution

30
Q

What type of cell has a nacl soltion concentration greater than 0.9% and if cells are place in this solution there will be a net movement of water out of the cell causing it to shrink?

A

Hypertonic solution

31
Q

What type of cell has a nacl solution concentration lesser than 0.9% and if cells are placed in this solution there will be a net movement of water into the cell cause it to swell?

A

Hypotonic solution

32
Q

There are two types of replacement therapies for when someone is dehydrated. One is crystalloids and one is colloids. What are crystalloids?

A

contain organic salts in sterile water, more commonly glucose and NaCl. Crystalloids do not cross plasma membranes and stay in the ECF

33
Q

What are colloids?

A

contain large molecules that do no pass through membranes. They remain in intravascular compartment and expand the plasma volume by drawing fluid from extravascular space

34
Q

Plasma osmolality is equal to ?

A

2(plasma [Na+] )

35
Q

When there are changes in Na balance it leads to a change in the volume status. When there is a change in the H20 balance, this leads to a change in?

A

Na concentration and osmolarity

36
Q

Dehydration can be divided according to serum sodium concentration into what two categories?

A

hypernatremic and hyponatremic dehydration

37
Q

Hyponatremic or hypotonic dehydration occurs when the loss of sodium is greater than the loss of water in the ECF. serum sodium concentration in the ICF is greater than ECF so what occurs?

A

ECF water goes to icf to establish equilibrium, leaving the serum sodium and osmolality in ecf less than normal range (130-150)

38
Q

Hypertonic/Hypernatremic dehydration occurs when loss of h20 is greater than the loss of sodium in the ecf. so what occurs?

A

water shifts from the icf to the ecf, serum osmolality is greater than 300 and serum sodium is more than 150

39
Q

What type of fluid shift disturbance causes a decrease in ecf volume which causes decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure?

A

volume contraction

40
Q

What type of fluid shift disturbance causes a increase in ecf volume which causes volume expansion, edema and increased bp?

A

volume expansion

41
Q

Isosmotic means there is no change in body fluid osmolarity. Hyperosmotic means body fluid osmolarity is increased while hyposmotic means ?

A

body fluid osmolarity is decreased

42
Q

What occurs during iso-osmotic volume contraction during acute fluid loss condition like hemorrhage, diarrhea and vomiting?

A

decrease in ECF volume and no change in body osmolality or ICF volume

43
Q

What occurs during hyper-osmotic volume contraction during hypotonic fluid loss conditions like dehydration, diabetes, and alcoholism?

A

there is a decrease in ecf and icf volume, however the solute stays in the body so the osmolarity/concentration will increase in both

44
Q

What occurs during iso-osmotic volume expansion like during a gain of isotonic saline solution?

A

increase in ecf volume and no change in osmolality or icf volume

45
Q

What occurs during hypo-osmotic volume expansion like during excess water drinking and syndrome of ADH? (gain of hypotonic fluid)

A

the icf and ecf volume will increase but the icf and ecf osmolality will decrease

46
Q

How would you calculate the concentration and volume of each compartment given weight and plasma osmolarity?

A

ecf = 0.2 x body weight = volume
icf= 0.4 x body weight = volume
icf v + ecf v = TBW
icf v x plasma molarity = concentration icf
ecf v x plasma molarity = concentration ecf

095. Renal Exam 1 (11 decks)

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