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Biology - Module 2 > 3 - Biological Molecules > Flashcards

3 - Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Condensation reaction

A

A condensation reaction is one that occurs when two molecules are joined together with the removal of water.

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2
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A hydrogen Bond is a weak interaction that can occur wherever. molecules contain a slightly negative charged atom bonded to a slightly positive charged hydrogen atom

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3
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

A hydrolysis reaction a reaction that occurs when a molecule is split into 2 smaller molecules with the addition of water.

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4
Q

Monomer

A

A small molecule which binds to many other identical molecules to form a polymer.

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5
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecules formed from many smaller molecule

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6
Q

Properties of Water

liquid

A

Water molecules constantly move around unlike other liquids as they continue to make and break hydrogen bonds. Water can provide habitats for living animals. Form a major component of the tissue in living organisms. Provide a reaction medium for chemical reactions. Provide an effective transport medium

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7
Q

Properties of Water

density

A

Water becomes more dense as it gets colder because of its polar nature, the water molecules align themselves in a structure which is less dense than water as a liquid.

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8
Q

Properties of Water

solvent

A

Water is a good solvent for many substances. This is because water is polar and the positive and negative parts of the water molecules are attracted to the corresponding part of the solute.

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9
Q

Cohesion

A

Hydrogen bonding between molecules pull them together

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10
Q

Adhesion

A

When water molecules work together to go up the xylem, this is called adhesion, due to the fact that the water molecules are working together.

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11
Q

C,H,O (2)
C,H,O,N,S (1)
C,H,O,N,P (1)

A

Carbohydrates/lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acid

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12
Q

Glycosidic Bond

A

A bond formed between two monosaccharides by hydrolysis reaction

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13
Q

Reducing AND Non reducing sugar

A

Maltose and lactose are reducing sugars, where as sucrose is a non reducing sugar

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14
Q

Pentose AND Hexose

A

Alpha and beta glucose are both hexose sugars. And ribose and deoxyribose of both pentose sugars.

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15
Q

a-glucose and b-glucose image

A

The hydroxyl group on carbon-1 is is flipped between alpha and beta glucose

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16
Q

Alpha glucose + Alpha glucose ——> Maltose + Water

A

Two alpha glucose molecules together condensation reaction where maltose and water is formed and this creates a 1-4 glycosidic bond

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17
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides are joined together

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18
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Alpha glucose + Alpha glucose ——> Maltose
Alpha glucose + Fructose ——> Sucrose
Beta glucose + Alpha glucose ——> Lactose
Beta glucose + Beta glucose ——> Cellobiose

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19
Q

Polysaccharides are good energy stores because

A

Glycogen and starch of both compact with me they do not occupy a large amount of space.
Polysaccharides hold glucose molecules in chains so they can be used when required for respiration

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20
Q

Amylose

plant

A

A long chain of alpha glucose molecules and they have 1-4 glycosidic bonds.
Hydroxyl groups on carbon-2 are situated inside the coil making them much less soluble allowing the hydrogen bonds to maintain the structure

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21
Q

Amylopectin

plant

A

A long chain of alpha glucose molecules and they have 1-4 glycosidic bonds and it has 1-6 glycosidic bonds.
It coils into a spiral shape and is held together with hydrogen bonds but with branches and emerging from the spiral

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22
Q

Glycogen

animal

A

A long chain of alpha glucose molecules and they have 1-4 glycosidic bonds and it has 1-6 glycosidic bonds.
It is less coiled due to the fact that the one for glycosidic bonds are smaller however it has more branches which makes it more compact

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23
Q

Cellulose

A

Cellulose forms the cell wall of plants it is tough insoluble and fibrous substance and it is made up of long chains of beta glucose molecules bonded together through condensation reactions.
They are straight chains that lie side by side.
When 60-70 chains of bound together they form macrofibrils, then they are bonded together forming up to 400 microfibrils which on embedded in pectins to form the cell walls

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24
Q

Structure and function of plant cell walls

A

Macrofibrils and microfibrils have a very high tensile strength because contain glycosidic bonds because of the hydrogen bond between the chains.
Macrofibrils run in all directions criss-crossing the cell wall many times giving it extra strength

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25
Q

Lipids

A

A group of substances that are soluble in alcohol rather than water this includes triglycerides phospholipids glycolipids and cholesterol

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26
Q

Phospholipid

A

Phospholipid molecule consisting of glycerol to fatty acids and one phosphate group

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27
Q

Macromolecule

A

A very large organic molecule

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28
Q

Triglycerides

A

Made up of glycerol and fatty acids

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29
Q

Glycerol

A

Has 3 carbon atoms, it is an alcohol which means it has as a free -OH groups which are important for the structure of triglycerides

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30
Q

Fatty acids

A

Have a carboxyl group on one end a touch to a hydrocarbon tail if a fatty acid is saturated this means there are no C=C double bonds in the molecule if the fatty acid is unsaturated there’s a double bond which means a few hydrogen atoms bonded to the molecule

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31
Q

Ester bonds

A

A triglyceride consists of 1 glycerol molecule to three fatty acids a condensation reaction occurs between the COOH and the OH group. because they are three OH groups free fatty acids will bond hence the name triglyceride. Because it is a condensation reaction what is reduced and the covalent bond formed is known as an ester bond.

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32
Q

Functions of triglycerides

A

Energy source
Energy store
Insulation
Protection

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33
Q

Phospholipids in water

A

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail which means that the molecule is amphipathic

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34
Q

Cholesterol

A

Cholesterol is a steroid alcohol is a type of lipid which is not made from glycerol or fatty acids instead consists of four carbon-based rings.
It is small and hydrophobic which music can sit in the middle of a hydrophobic part of the bilayer and I can regulate fluidity of the membrane without being affected

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35
Q

Other steroid hormones …

A

Other steroid hormones like testosterone estrogen and vitamin D are all made are there steroid hormones like testosterone estrogen and vitamin D or all made from cholesterol steroids are also abundant implants on injection and absorption of some can be converted into hormone

36
Q

Amino Acids

A

Monomers of proteins and all amino acids had the same basic structure

37
Q

Peptide Bond

A

A bond formed when two amino acids are joined by a condensation reaction

38
Q

Structure of an amino acid

A

All amino acids contain the element carbon, hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen. Some contain sulphur
20 types of amino acids of found in proteins
Each amino acid has an amino group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other

39
Q

Primary structure

A

The sequence of amino acids found in a molecule

40
Q

Secondary structure

A

The coiling of folding of an of an amino acid arises as a result of hydrogen bond formation between different parts of a chain.
The main forms of secondary structure are the helix and beta pleated sheet

41
Q

Tertiary structure

A

The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein molecule is shape arises due to the interaction between hydrogen bonding disulfide Bridges and ionic bonding also hydrophobic interactions

42
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Protein structure where a protein consists of more than one polypeptide chain for example insulin

43
Q

Protein Bonding

A

Polypeptide chains hold together the secondary tertiary and quaternary structure
Secondary structure is held together by hydrogen bonds primarily but the tertiary/quaternary structure are her together by hydrogen bonds

44
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds form with a slightly positive charge and this helps in the formation of hydroxyl carboxyl and amino groups

45
Q

Disulfide Links

A

Bonds that are between positive and negative groups that are strongly attracted to each other

46
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Bonds that are between positive and negative groups that are strongly attracted to each other

47
Q

fibrous protein

A

Has a relatively long thin structure is insoluble in water and metabolically inactive often having a structural role within an organism

48
Q

Globular protein

A

Has molecules of relatively spherical shape which are soluble in water and often having a metabolic role within the organism

49
Q

Prosthetic group

A

A non protein component that forms a permanent part of a functioning protein molecule

50
Q

Collagen

A

The function of collagen is to provide a mechanical.
A layer of collagen prevents the artery from bursting.
Tendons on made from collagen and connect muscle to bone

51
Q

Keratin

A

Keratin is rich and cysteine and has lots of disulfide bridges. Is found in the body parts that need to be hard or strong such as nails and hair

52
Q

Elastin

A

Cross-linking and coiling make the structure of elastin strong and extensible. It is found in living things that I need to stretch and adapt their shape such as skin without a lasting skin wouldn’t go back to normal after being pinched

53
Q

Calcium

Cation

A

Increases rigidity of bone, teeth and cartilage.
Important in blood and muscle contraction.
Important for cell wall development in plants.

54
Q

Sodium

Cation

A

Involved in the regulation of osmotic pressure.
Effects of absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine and water in the kidney.
Helps maintain turgidity in the vacuole of a plant.

55
Q

Potassium

Cation

A

Involved in control of water levels in the body and maintenance of pH.
Assist at the transport material across the cell membrane
Helps maintain turgidity in the vacuole of a plant.

56
Q

Hydrogen

Cation

A

Involved in protein synthesis and respiration.
Involved in transporting oxygen and carbon.
Involved in the regulation of blood pH.

57
Q

Ammonium

Cation

A

Essential component of nucleic acids.
Involved in maintenance of pH in the body.
A component of the nitrogen cycle

58
Q

Nitrate

Anion

A

A component of amino acids, proteins, vitamins and chlorophyll.
Essential component of nucleic acids
Some hormones are made of proteins which contain nitrogen,

59
Q

Hydrogencarbonate

Anion

A

Involved in the regulation of blood pH.

Moving a transport of carbon dioxide in and out of the blood.

60
Q

Chloride

Anion

A

Helps in the production of urine in the kidney.
involved in transport of carbon dioxide in and out of the blood.
Used to produce hydrochloric acid in the the stomach.

61
Q

Phosphate

Anion

A

Increases rigidity of bone, teeth and cartilage.
Helps roots grow in plants.
Involved in the regulation of blood pH

62
Q

Hydroxide

Anion

A

Involved in the regulation of blood pH

63
Q

Test for reducing sugars

A

All monosaccharides and some disaccharides are reducing sugars because they can give electrons to other molecules.
If you heat a reducing sugar with Benedict’s solution there should be a colour change from blue to green to yellow to orange-red.
This is called a precipitate because it comes out of solution and forms a solid which is suspended in the mixture.

64
Q

Test for non-reducing sugars

A

You have to hydrolyse the bond first to free up some of these reducing group.
Then test for reducing sugars

65
Q

Test for lipids

A

To test for lipids you use the emulsion test.
To take a sample and mix it thoroughly with ethanol filter then pour the solution into water in a clean test tube and a cloudy white emulsion indicates the presence of lipids

66
Q

Test for lipids

A

To test for lipids you use the emulsion test.
To take a sample and mix it thoroughly with ethanol filter then pour the solution into water in a clean test tube and a cloudy white emulsion indicates the presence of lipids

67
Q

Test for proteins

A

To test for protein using biuret test.
Protein is present what colour will change from light blue to lilac
You first add the sodium hydroxide and then you add the copper sulphate
The colour is formed by a complex between the nitrogen atoms in a peptide chain and Cu2+ ions

68
Q

Using a colorimeter

A

A colorimeter works by shining a light through a sample
you add the the precipitate and excess Benedict’s solution
You place the sample into a cuvette via a pipette
Then the machine that takes how much light passes through the solution

69
Q

Biosensors

A

Biosensors take a biological or chemical variable which cannot easily be measured and converted into an electrical signal

70
Q

Chromatography

A

The aim to separate mixtures into constituents

71
Q

Stationary phase

A

TLC plate often sheet of plastic covered with a thin layer of silica gel

72
Q

Mobile phase

A

The mobile phase flows through and across the stationary phase carrying the biological molecules with it

73
Q

How to see colourless molecules

A

Ultraviolet light
Ninhydrin
Iodine

74
Q

Double helix

A

Shape of DNA molecule due to coiling of the sugar phosphate backbone Strand in the right-handed spiral configuration

75
Q

Nucleotide

A

Molecule consisting of a five carbon sugar a phosphate group and a nitrogen base

76
Q

Polynucleotide

A

Molecule containing many nucleotides

77
Q

Structure of DNA

A

DNA is a polymer made up of many nucleotides
A molecule DNA consists of two polynucleotide strands
The two strands run opposite directions so they are described as anti parallel
Every DNA nucleotide contains deoxyribose and one of four bases
The covalent bond between the sugar residue and the phosphate group in a nucleotide is called a phosphodiester bond
DNA on long so they can carry a lot of genetic information

78
Q

Importance of hydrogen bonds

A

A always pairs with T because of two hydrogen bonds

C always pairs with G because of three hydrogen bonds

79
Q

The antiparallel sugar-phosphate backbone

A

insert image

80
Q

How is DNA organised in eukaryotic cells?

A

Each large molecule DNA is tightly wound around a special histone protein into chromosomes
There’s also DNA without histone proteins inside mitochondria and chloroplasts

81
Q

How is DNA organised in prokaryotic cells?

A

DNA is in a loop and is within the cytoplasm not included in the nucleus
Is not wound around histone proteins and is described as naked

82
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that catalyses the formation of DNA from activated deoxyribose nucleotides using single strand DNA as a template

83
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases in as in a DNA molecule

84
Q

Mutations

A

During DNA replication errors may occur weather wrong nucleotide may be inserted
This changes the genetic code and mutations are formed

85
Q

Semi-conservative replication

A

The process which DNA replicates into new molecules each with one new strand and one old strand

86
Q

Translation

A

Formation of a protein by assembling amino acids in a particular sequence according to the coded instructions carried from the DNA by the mRNA

87
Q

Transcription

A

The process of making messenger RNA from a DNA template

Biology - Module 2 (5 decks)

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