3. Basic structure of the respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the role of the nasal cavities.

A

They warm and humidify the air passing through the nasal cavities.

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2
Q

Describe nasal cavities

A

Lined by olfactory mucosa
Very sensitive
Innervated by ethmoidal nerve

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3
Q

Describe the resistance of the nasal cavities and the implications for exercise.

A

High resistance - when exercising, breathing is mainly done through the mouth because that is a path of lower resistance and more water is lost

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4
Q

3 Functions of paranasal sinuses

A
Help to lighten the skull
Effect resonant quality of voice
Protective of brain:
Form crumple zone 
Air in them acts as “double glazing”
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5
Q

What are the bony structures underlying the epithelial layer on the lateral side of the nasal cavities called?

A

Conchae

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6
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

4 sets of blind-ended out-pocketings of the lateral walls of the nasal cavities
Paranasal Sinuses: Frontal, Maxillary, Ethmoid, Sphenoid

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7
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx and where are they found?

A

Nasopharynx: behind the nasal cavities
Oropharynx: posterior to the tongue, consists of lymphoid tissue
Laryngopharynx: below the epiglottis

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8
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Cartilaginous structure that is supported from the roof of the mouth from the hyoid bone

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9
Q

What structure is attached to the vocal ligaments which open and close entry to the larynx?

A

Arytenoid cartilage

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10
Q

What causes phonation?

A

Vibration of vocal ligaments

Form sphincter to stop anything other than air entering airway

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11
Q

Why is cartilage horseshoe shaped deficient posteriorly?

A

Trachea always kept open without muscular effort

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12
Q

When does the trachea divide?

A

Sternal angle

angle of Louis

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13
Q

Where do the primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi lead?

A

Primary: Into the lungs (L or R)
Secondary: To individual lobes
Tertiary: Specific segment

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14
Q

Which bronchus is shorter and more vertical?

A

Right primary bronchus

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15
Q

What reduces bronchiolar and alveolar surface tension?

A

Surfactant

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16
Q

At which level is no cartilage found?

A

Bronchiole

17
Q

Why is surfactant produced in the bronchioles?

A

There is higher resistance as they have a smaller diameter, surfactant makes them smoother

18
Q

Describe the faces of the pleural cavity

A

Visceral: Faces lung
Parietal: Faces thoracic wall

19
Q

What drives oxygen across the blood air barrier?

A

PO2 Air = 100 mmHg

PO2 Blood = 40 mmHg

20
Q

Where are many lymph nodes found within the lungs?

A

At the hilum

21
Q

Position of diaphragm

A

Margin attached to costal margin (lower edge of rib cage)

22
Q

Why does the centre of the dome of the diaphragm bulge up?

A

Because of pressure difference between pleural and abdominal cavities

23
Q

Describe the abdominal surface of the diaphragm

A

Holes for: IVC, Oesophagus, Aorta and Thoracic duct
Considerable innervation
Phrenic nerves goes through it and innervates underneath

24
Q

What is the phrenic nerve (C3,4,5) motor to?

25
3 groups of ribs
Directly attached to sternum (1-7) Attached to costal cartilage above (8-10) Floating
26
Describe the water pump motion seen in the ribs directly attached to the sternum
External intercostal muscle contraction pulls ribs upwards and because of angle of ribs they move outwards. (Anterior part of ribs is lower)
27
Describe the bucket handle motion of the ribs attached to the costal cartilage
Middle part of rib is lower than posterior and anterior | Contraction causes lateral movement
28
How many cartilage rings are around the trachea?
~ 20