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Exotics > 3. Avian Anatomy and Physiology Pt 2 > Flashcards

3. Avian Anatomy and Physiology Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bursa of fabricus?

A

the initial site of B lymphocyte production

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2
Q

What is different about the digestive system than other species?

A

birds have fast metabolism
high demand for energy is thus assimilated from food they consume

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3
Q

What is unique about the avian esophagus

A

crop = expansion over interclavicular space
a place for storage, lubrication and for passage of food
little digestion occurs
pigeons and doves: at breeding time, mucosal lining can break down to form “pigeon milk”
insect-eating birds: heavy epithelium protects from insect swallowed alive

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4
Q

What are the two separated compartments of the avian stomach

A

proventriculus = glandular stomach (chemical digestion begins here with pepsin and hydrochloric acid)
Gizzard = ventriculus = muscular stomach (striated muscles grind food, ingested grit aids in grinding food, undigested food ground into pellet by some species which is then regurgitated)

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5
Q

What does the liver and pancreas look like in avians?

A

Liver: bilobed, right lobe larger than left
Pancrease: Relatively large, especially in fish and grain eaters
rests in loop of duodenum
endocrine portion occupies more tissue mass than in animalsW

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6
Q

What is the duodenum’s main job for avian?

A

main organ for digestion and absorption of nutrients
varies in length and thickness depending on diet

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7
Q

What is the ceca’s job in the avian digestive system

A

paired sacs at junction of small and large intestines in some species
role in water reabsorption and in the bacterial fermentation of cellulose
contents excreted independent of fecal material

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8
Q

What is the large intestines role in the avian digestive system?

A

major role is reabsorption of water and minerals

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9
Q

What does the cloaca do? what is the 3 sections of it?

A

the end of the digestive tract
3 sections: coprodeum (receives excrement from intestine), urodeum (receives discharge from kidneys and genital ducts), protodeum (stores excitement and eliminates it)
Vent: muscular anus expels waste products = mute

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10
Q

What is mute?

A

combination of feces and urine
usually appears as a dark fecal center with white urates around it
varies by diet
can also be an indication of dz, therefore bird owners should monitor carefully - green mute = chlamydial infection, internal parasites or liver dz

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11
Q

What should we be careful about tube feeding birds?

A

direct feeding tube down esophagus making sure to avoid trachea; visualize back of throat as you feed to ensure there is no regurgitation

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12
Q

Is there anything different about the avian heart?

A

4 chambered, R side smler than left
lies in cranial portion of thoracoabdominal space

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13
Q

Which arteries are larger to meet the specialized demands of the avian bodies

A

Pectoral and brachial

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14
Q

Which blood vessels have been specialized to meet the demands of the avian body?

A

Renal portal system

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15
Q

What is the renal portal system in birds?

A

vry important when giving injections in leg
may pass thru portal system first and much of drug eliminated b4 it can affect body
also applies to lizards

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16
Q

What is different about blood flow in birds?

A

faster HR and more rapid blood flow bc of relatively fast metaolism

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17
Q

Where are electrodes placed on a bird for electrocardiograms?

A

Electrodes placed on wings and legs detect changes in electrical voltage as heart chambers contract and relax

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18
Q

What are the functions of avian blood

A

carry nutrients, O2, hormones to cells
Carry metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys
control and prevent dz, regular body temp

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19
Q

What blood cells do birds have

A

Birds do not have platelets but they do have erythrocytes, leukocytes (heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes)

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20
Q

What do erythrocytes look like in avians?

A

oval, nucleated, and larger than those of mammals
formed in bone marrow of adult birds, or in spleen and liver depending on species
posses hemoglobin
total number of cells dependent on age, seg, diet and time of year

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21
Q

What are heterophils in bird cells?

A

phagocytes
equivalent to mammalian neutrophil
rought with rod-shaped red-orange granules
bilobed nucleus with clumped chromatin

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22
Q

What are thrombocytes in avian blood cells

A

nucleated cells that act as platelets
smaller than RBC’s with large, round-oval nucleus
Prod by bone marrow in adult birds

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23
Q

Why must the respiratory work quickly and effciently

A

bc of fast metabolism and high energy lvl

24
Q

What does the avian oral cavity contain/

A

Several structures used in respiration, glottis, choana and larynx

25
What is unique about the avian trachea?
long - provides moisture to inhaled air, aids in production of sound Coiled in some species
26
What is the syrinx
Voice box enlargement of the trachea above the sternum contains muscles, air sacs, vibrating membranes - vocalization complexity depends on the number of muscles present in the syrinx
27
What is unique about the avian bronchi?
Trachea bifurcates into 2 bronchi Bronchi further divide into mesobronchi (in lungs), 2ndary bronchi = ventrobronchi, parabronchi, air capillaries - site of gas exchange w/ blood capillaries
28
What are unique about the avian lungs?
small, inelastic, highly vascularized - bright red, attached to thoracic vertebrae and ribs
29
What are the avian air sacs?
9 thin-walled, highly vascularized membranes, connect to the bronchi, some extend into the bone vacities Func: air reservoirs, provide warmth and moisture to air, thermoregulation, provide buoyancy
30
How many inspirations and expirations are required to transport one pocket of air through the entire resp system?
2 inspirations and 2 expirations
31
T of F: Do birds have a diaphragm?
no
32
What are the key features of avian air flower?
Very efficient resp system - no mixing of inspired and expired air, arrangement of air sacs and capillaries further improves efficiency Clinical applications - very rapid response and sensitivity to inhaled anesthetics Birds are very sensitive to poisonous gases - canary in the coal mine, teflon pans
33
What are the typical avian RR?
rate varies with species, activity lvl, age, sex, time of day, and outdoor temp Smler birds breathe faster than lgr birds birds in flight have higher rate than nonflying birds
34
How do birds thermoregulate?
Birds have no sweat glands so heat is eliminated via respiration - water evaporated thru resp system helps cool overheated birds can inc rate of cooling by panting or fluttering the upper throat patch with an open beak
35
What are some methods that birds can decrease their body temperatures?
bathing, dec activity, some species like vultures and storks will defecate on their own legs to inc evaporative cooling, adjust feather position
36
What are some methods birds can use to increase their body temperature
perching on one leg to minimize skin exposure 2. tucking head and beak under feathers on back, 3. shivering, 4. seeking sheltered roosts 5. Some species like hummingbirds can enter a temporary night-time torpor to conserve heat 6. Countercurrent heat exchange btw arteries and veins of legs
37
What demands of the avian body have blood vessels adapted to?
System of heat exchange in lower extremities thru network of arteries and veins placed close together
38
What is a salt gland?
Many marine birds and turtls have a special salt gland they are located above each eye and drain into the nostrils They secrete lg amounts of sodium chloride which helps maintain ideal osmotic conditions in the body while living and feeding in a high salt environment
39
What are some traits of the avian kidney?
kidneys are large and paired and 3 lobed, lie flush with backbone, has no renal pelvis, contains 2 types of nephrons; Looped: similar to mammalian nephrons Unlooped: similar to reptilian nephrons Renal portal system allows blood from the hind legs to be filtered thru kidneys or drain directly into vena cava - controlled by a valve Birds do not have a urinary bladder
40
How does urine composition of birds differ from mammals?
higher conc of uric acid, eliminated as a white past in combo w/ fecal material, fecal material normally green or brown with a ring of white (uric acid)
41
Why is its beneficial for birds to eliminate their urine with their fecal matter?
Advantageous bc more efficient way to get rid of nitrogenous waste bc of less water loss, allows embryo to store lg amounts of nitrogenous waste within confines of shell - wouldn't be possible if eliminating thru urea bc volume is too high urea is toxic, but uric acid is not
42
Which one is toxic? Uric acid, or urea
Urea
43
What effects on the reproductive system might have when its time for breeding season?
breeding season often stimmed by inc day lengths in parts of the world where seasons are pronounced affects hypothalamus and causes inc secretion of gonadotrophic hormones in non-breeding animals have very sm gonads, which increase in size as breeding season approaches Telling what sex it is is hard if its not breeding season, but DNA testing is available
44
What do avian testis look like? What temperature is ideal for them? What does the vas deferens carry?
Testes are bean shaped and located internally, but sperm are stored in a pouch called a seminal vesicle Temp here is about 4C COOLER than body temp for better sperm survival Vas deferens carries sperm to seminal vesicle and cloaca
45
How do birds copulate?
behaviour stimmed by androgens (from leydig or interstitial cells in testes) some species (galliforms, ratites, and ducks) have a grooved penis that assists in sperm transfer Others simply bring cloaca together
46
What is unique about the female avian reproductive tract?
left ovary and oviduct are developed, but right side is non-functional and undeveloped basic ovarian follicle development and ovulation similar to mammals Ova discharged from ovary, picked up by infundibulum and passed thru oviduct. As egg passes thru oviduct and uterus, surrounded by layers of albumin (egg white) the shell membrane, shell and pigments. egg then passed thru cloaca
47
What are the 5 sections of the avian oviduct?
Each contributes to egg development 1. Infundibulum: catches ovum and is fertilized 2. Magnum: secrete albumin 3. Isthmus: secretes inner/outer shell membranes 4. Uterus (shell gland): secretes watery albumin, the shell, and pigmentation 5. Vagina: secretes mucus for egg laying and stores sperm for hours to days
48
What is egg binding or egg bound?
A fully formed egg fails to pass from uterus to cloaca during egg laying the intestinal exit is blocked so affected birds often stop passing feces become depressed, off feed, penguin like gai medical emergency!! tx w/ anti-inflams (preparation H, baths, calcium supplements and manipulation; sometimes may have to collapse egg
49
How can we prevent egg binding?
avoid obesity, watch out for vent pecking and separate affected birds, make sure adequate calcium in diet
50
What is a clutch
of eggs laid and incubated
51
How many eggs will a clutch have, what are determinate layers, indeterminate layers?
Number varies among species, from 1-20 Total may be determinate layers: predetermined by # of follicles developing on ovary Indeterminate layers(most birds): eggs are continuously prod until a set 3 reached in nest - in these species signal to stop includes visual, tactile, hormonal influences indicating a full clutch. Endangered species: remove initial eggs and rear artificially
52
How many times may eggs be laid, when are they incubated?
May be laid every day, other day or 4-5 day intervals some species begin incubating at once, resulting in chicks hatching at varying times other species only begin incubation once all egs are laid - results in synchronous development of chicks, hatch at same time
53
How are eggs incubated?
eggs need to be kept warm and humid female develops brood patch (featherless patch of sin on belly where skin folds, thickening, and blood circulation create heat pad for eggs time for incubation varies among species but longer for lgr birds 18 days for budgies
54
How do birds hatch?
requires a specialized egg tooth on the bill and hypertrophied neck muscles or hatching muscle
55
What are the 4 ways to classify chicks?
depends on feather cover, open or closed eyes, and mobility
56
What are the 4 classificaitions of chicks?
1. Precocial: ducks/geese - downy feather, open eyes, mobile 2. Semiprecocial: gulls and terns - downy feahter, open eyes, may be mobile, remain in nest and dependant on parents 3. Semialtricial: hawks and owls - downy feathers, open (hawks) or closed eyes (owls), not mobile 4. Altricial: songbirds - little to no feathers, closed eyes, not mobile

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