3. Anatomy Flashcards
why does the nasal cavity have conchae?
to provide a large SA of nasal mucosa
what plane does nasal cavity run in?
horizontal
functions of paranasal sinuses
-mucus lubricates nasal passages
-lighten weight of head
functions of larynx
-speech
-prevents food entering airway
importance clinically of knowing the segmental bronchi
relate to pulmonary segments so can do a segmental resection of tumour
3 articulations of each rib
- superior articular facet
- inferior articular facet
- transverse articular facet
what’s the mediastinum?
septum of pleural cavities
2 movements of chest wall during breathing, and what they achieve
- bucket handle- increases lateral dimension of chest
- pump handle- increases AP dimension of chest
contribution of diaphragm vs intercostal muscles to ventilation
70% vs 30%
where does there diaphragm attach
edge of inferior thoracic aperture
phrenic nerve roots to supply diaphragm (motor and sensory)
C3,4,5
sensory innervation to pericardium
phrenic nerves C3,4,5
what passes through the aortic hiatus?
thoracic duct
name some accessory muscles of respiration
-pectorals
-SCM
describe dual blood supply of thoracic wall. why could it be a problem?
-aorta
-internal thoracic artery and vein
increased risk of bleeding into intercostal space
venous drainage of the thorax, and benefit of this
azygos system, allows us to drain all intercostal spaces, even ones at level of heart
why is the innervation to the diaphragm from so high up?
diaphragm developed in neck, then descend down as the spine grew
give reason why lung fissures are clinically relevant
-oblique fissure means majority of posterior lung is lower lobe
-transverse fissure can fill with fluid on chest X-ray
where do majority of inhaled foreign bodies lodge, why?
right lower lobe, angle from trachea to right main bronchus is straighter
divisions of the mediastinum and what they contain
superior: structures that communicate with neck via superior thoracic aperture
inferior:
-anterior: fat, thymus gland in children
-middle: heart, pericardium
posterior: aorta, oesophagus, azygos vein, thoracic duct
big risk when opening sternum to do heart operation
pierce parietal pleura and cause pneumothorax
in a pulmonary embolism, why might lung tissue not die?
some blood supply remains from bronchial arteries (branches of aorta)
levels of superior dome of diaphragm on each side
4th ICS RHS
5th ICS LHS
in a stab wound to left of trachea in neck, what structures could be damaged?
-apical pleura in supraclavicular fossa
-apex of lung
-IJV
-carotid vessels
-brachial plexus
-thoracic duct
best auscultation location for R middle lobe?
nipple
relationship of thoracic aorta to oesophagus
oesophagus on RHS, parallel
best auscultation for left lower lobe pneumonia
posterior, left of midline
anatomical landamarks separating the superior and inferior mediastinum
sup from superior thoriaci aperture to sternal angle
inf from sternal angle to diaphragm
where do the airways sit at the hilum?
posteriorly
tough structure from pulmonary trunk to aorta
ligamentum arteriosum
conducting portion of airway
respiratory portion
nostrils to terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
epithelium in
-nasal cavity to secondary bronchioles
-terminal bronchioles
-respiratory bronchioles + alveolar ducts
-alveoli
-pseudostratified ciliated columnar + goblet cells
-simple columnar + club cells
-simple cuboidal + some club cells
-simple squamous/ type 1,2
function of sub mucous glands in trachea
seromucous
-serous secretion humidifies inspired air
-mucous traps particles from air, moves them up towards pharynx by cilia to be swallowed, keeps lungs free of particles/bacteria
club cells function
secrete component of surfactant
how are bronchioles kept open?
surrounding alveoli
connective tissue fibres on alveolar walls
-elastin
-reticular
what do type 2 pneumocytes produce, what’s its function?
surfactant, reduces surface tension to prevent alveoli collapsing on expiration
Why could pain arising from parietal pleura pf diaphragm be felt in shoulder tip?
Referred Pain
-phenric nerve is sensory to parietal pleura of diaphragm
-pain impulses in phrenic nerve enter spinal cord at C3,4,5, same roots as phrenic nerve
-somatic sensory nerves to shoulder tip also enter at C3,4,5 so body perceives pain from shoulder tip
