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EXB 117 MIDTERM > 3-4. Obesity > Flashcards

3-4. Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

What is BMI used as?

A

A “quick and dirty” way to assess overall body fatness in large populations

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2
Q

Approx what % of the population engages in enough resistance training to significantly augment lean mass? Significance?

A

when the majority of peeps gain weight, it is due to fat not lean mass

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3
Q

Equation for BMI?

A

body weight (kg) / height^2 (m)

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4
Q

What is DEXA?

A

Dual Emission Xray Absorptiometry = gold standard in body comp analysis that can differentiate b/t bone, lean tissue, and fat w/in any particular anatomic region

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5
Q

What kind of fat is most dangerous?

A

Visceral fat

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6
Q

What is RMR primarily proportional to?

A

Lean mass

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7
Q

What determines a person’s level of “calorie-wasting”? Example?

A

Genes and environment (ex. twin experiment)

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8
Q

How do most humans’ calorie intake and energy expenditure match up?

A

Highly regulated (equal in caloric quantity)

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9
Q

What is the role of chronic exercise in weight management?

A

Preserves lean mass during calorie restriction

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10
Q

List some co-morbidities of obesity.

A
  • Glucose, insulin
  • Hypertension
  • Blood lipids
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11
Q

How do you treat obesity?

A

Quantify the “co-morbidities” (blood lipids, glucose, hypertension)

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12
Q

How many calories does 1 lb of human fat store?

A

~3500 calories

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13
Q

What is a MET?

A

Metabolic equivalent of one resting energy expenditure

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14
Q

Define obesity.

A

A condition of excess body fat

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15
Q

List the ways in which body fat is measured?

A
  • Skinfolds
  • Body density
  • Electrical conductivity or impedance
  • Xray or nuclear techniques
  • BMI
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16
Q

What BMI range is considered normal? Overweight? Obese?

A
  • Normal = 18.5-24.9
  • Overweight = 25 - 29.9
  • Obese = 30+
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17
Q

How is a child’s weight status determined? How is this diff than adults?

A

Using an age and sex-specific percentile for BMI as opposed to set BMI ranges for adults

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18
Q

What defines obesity in children?

A

BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex

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19
Q

What defines extreme obesity in children?

A

BMI at or above 120% of the 95% percentile for children of the same age and sex

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20
Q

What health disorders does obesity increase the morbidity of?

A
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • CVDs
  • Stroke
  • Cancers
  • Liver and gallbladder disease
21
Q

What measurements characterize a high risk waist circumference for men? Women?

A
  • Men = 40+ inches

- Women = 35+ inches

22
Q

How does abdominal fat accumulation increase the risk of type II diabetes?

A

Related to abnormalities in glucose metabolism centered around resistance to insulin

23
Q

How does abdominal fat increase the risk of atherosclerosis?

A

Related to the distorted pattern of circulating lipoproteins and cytokines as well as elevations in BP

24
Q

What are the criteria for the metabolic syndrome?

A
  • Increased abdominal girth
  • Insulin resistance
  • Dyslipidemia
  • Hypertension
25
Q

What are the psychosocial consequences of obesity?

A
  • Impairment of self-image
  • Discrimination by peers
  • Susceptibility to psychoneuroses
  • Social isolation
  • Loss of mobility
  • Increased absenteeism
26
Q

What are the physiological factors that link physical activity to body weight?

A
  • Energy balance
  • Use of energy-yielding nutrients
  • Body composition
  • Appetite and food intake
27
Q

What is necessary before the body can self-regulate energy balance?

A

A certain minimum level of physical activity

28
Q

In what circumstances does exercise energy expenditure increase?

A
  • As exercise intensity increases

- As fitness level increases

29
Q

How does exercise affect metabolic rate over 24 hrs?

A

Increases metabolic rate for several hours after exercise

30
Q

At what exercise intensities do women burn more fat as a % of total kcal? Men?

A
  • Women = at lower intensities

- Men = at higher intensities

31
Q

How does moderate aerobic exercise affect fat oxidation?

A

Fat oxidation increases along w/ duration of moderate aerobic exrcise

32
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise on appetite and food intake?

A

High intensity exercise has an immediate inhibitory effect on appetite and food intake

33
Q

What are the long term effects of exercise on appetite and food intake?

A

High intensity exercise resulted in a close matching of energy intake and energy expenditure (in elite athletes)

34
Q

What mechanisms control eating behavior? (esp. overeating)

A
  • Biological: homeostasis control by the hypothalamus
  • Physiological: hunger and satiety vs. palatability of foods
  • Psychosocial: external cues vs. internal signals, cognitive restraint, social eating
35
Q

How does obesity affect fat metabolism?

A

Alters adipocyte metabolism –> preference for fat storage rather than using fat for energy production

36
Q

What mechanisms shift fat metabolism towards storage as opposed to energy production?

A
  • Overproduction of lipoprotein lipase
  • Impaired EPI-stimulated lipolysis
  • Hyperinsulinemia
37
Q

What processes is adipocytokines involved in?

A
  • Appetite regulation
  • Energy metabolism
  • Inflammation
  • BP regulation
38
Q

What are the daily recommendations for exercise?

A

60 mins of moderate intensity exercise per day

39
Q

How much (frequency and intensity) exercise is needed to achieve weight stability?

A

13-26 MET-hrs per week

40
Q

According to the National Weight Control Registry, successful weight loss maintenance correlates to burning how many calories per week?

A

2800 kcals/week

41
Q

List the goals of exercise programs?

A
  • Promote increased energy expenditure
  • Promote fat loss and maintenance of lean body mass
  • Be safe for participant
  • Promote permanent increases in activity levels w/in the individual’s lifestyle
42
Q

What causes obesity?

A

Chronic over-ingestion of calories relative to expenditure

43
Q

What type of environment is Appestat wired for?

A
  • Calorie scarce

- Calorie flux is high (1000-2000 cals above daily resting energy requirement)

44
Q

What % of obesity is caused by “single point mutations” of the genetic code?

A

LOOKUP

45
Q

Why has the incidence of obesity skyrocketed since 1970?

A

Industrialized countries –> “obesogenic environment” –> sedentary lifestyle

46
Q

For what situations is BMI a reasonable estimate of excess fat?

A

In general populations

47
Q

When does BMI fail to track obesity?

A

In peeps w/ lots of lean muscle mass

48
Q

What variables best predict the health risks of a given % of body fat?

A

LOOKUP

49
Q

How is “central” obesity measured?

A

Waist circumference

EXB 117 MIDTERM (4 decks)

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