3+4. early childhood physical and cognitive development Flashcards
authoritarian parenting
high demandingness-control x low acceptance -responsiveness
- parents impose many riles
- expect strict obedience
- rarely explain by the child should comply wiht rules
- often rely on power tactics such as physical punishment to gain compliance
authoritative parenting
high demandingness-control x high acceptance-responsiveness
- parents set clear rules and consistently enforce them
- explain their rationales for their rules and restrictions
- are responsive to child’s needs and points of view
- involve child in family decision making
permissive parenting
low demandingness-control x high acceptance-responsiveness
- indulgent with few rules and few demands
- encourage child to express feelings and impulses and rarely exert control over behaviour
uninvolved parenting
low demandingness-control x low acceptance responsiveness
- they seem not to care much about their children and may even reject them
- may be overwhelmed by their own problems that they cannot devote sufficient energy to express love and setting and enforcing rules
outcome authoritative parenting
high self esteem
internalised moral stanards
psychosocial maturity
academic success
outcome of authoritarian
anxiety
withdrawal j
low self esteem
outcome of permissive
impulsivity
disobedience
rebelliousness
self centred
outcome of uninvolved
poor social -emotional development
poor self control
social alienation
low self esteem
what attributes to variations in parenting styles
cultural background specific circumstances duration of parenting birth order number of children changes and stress in family temperament of child
inconsistencies between parents can lead to …
confusion or “playing one against the other”
functions of siblings in children development
provide emotional support
older siblings often provide caregiving services for younger siblings
older serve as teachers
siblings provide social experiences
effect of only child j
relationship with no siblings
sometimes stereotyped as self-centred or spoilt
concern that development might be adversely affected by being sole focus of parental attention
research suggests higher: self-esteem positive personality achievement motivation academic success
how do peer relationships effect a child
have developmental value
teach that relationships are reciprocal
peer force children to hone their social perspective taking skills
contribute to social cognitive and moral development in ways that parents cannot
contact with peers comes simultaneous with cognitive development including
major advances in language development
major advances in perspective taking abilities and capacity for cooperative play, prosocial (and antisocial) behaviour increases
advances in in problem solving ability means improved capacity to tackle conflict
early childhood development in peer relations include
conversational skills
cooperative and prosocial behaviour (helping, sharing, comforting etc.)
conflicting and aggression (problem solving)
shared pretend play
establishment of social networks
difference in peer status emerge
emergence of dominance hierarchies - power differentials within peer groups
friendships become more stable and meaningful
