1. theories of development

Question 1

what are the three broad domains of devlopment

Answer 1

physical

Cognitive

Psychosocial

Question 2

define physical development

Answer 2

growth of body and its organs

the functioning of physiological systems including the brain

psychical signs of ageing

changes in motor abilities

Question 3

define cognitive development

Answer 3

changes and continuities in… perception, language, learning, memory, problem solving, mental proceses

Question 4

define psychosocial development

Answer 4

changes and continuities in…

personal and interpersonal aspects

• motives, emotions, personality traits, interpersonal skills, relationships, and roles plays in family and society

Question 5

name the fundamental issues in developmental study

Answer 5

nature-nurture

continuity-discontinuity

universality- context specificity

activity-passivity

Question 6

define nature and nurture

Answer 6

nature

• heredity
• maturation
• genes
• innate predispositions

nurture

• environment
• learning
• experience
• cultural influence

Question 7

what is in question in the universality-context specificity

Answer 7

commonality for development for all humans

difference across cultures, subcultures, task contexts or individuals

our role in creating and influencing our environment and producing their own development

are we passively shaped by forces largely beyond our control

Question 8

freudian psychodynamic theory

Answer 8

people driven by motives and emotional conflicts of which they are largely unaware

lives are shaped by their earliest experience

Question 9

Psychodynamic approach: importance of the unconscious

Structure of personality

Answer 9

Id - pleasure principle

Ego - reality principle

Superego - conscience

Question 10

freud’s stages of psychosexual development

Answer 10

oral (0-1)

• focus on mouth
• feeding and weaning

anal (1-3)

• anus is focus
• elimination and toilet training

Phallic (3-6)

• genitals
• gender role and moral development

latency (6-12)
- suspended sexual activity
energy shifts to physical and intellectual activity

Genital (12-adult)

• genitals
• mature sexual relationship develop

Question 11

psychodynamic theories:

Eriksons psychosocial theory

Answer 11

dialectical conflict as the basic mechanism of development

emphasis on social influences (peers, family, school)

emphasis on rational and active resolution of conflicts

Question 12

erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

Answer 12

trust mistrust (0-1)

• oral sensory activity
• develop trusting relationships w/ caregivers and self
• hope

autonomy/shame+doubt (1-3)

• control bodily functions/activity
• will

initiative v guilt (3-6)

• locomotor genital activity
• testing limits of self-assertion and purposefulness
• purpose

industry v inferiority (6-12)

• mastery, competence and productivity
• competence

identity v role confution (12-19)

• formation of identity and coherent self-concept
• fidelity

intimacy v isolation (19-25)

• intimate relationship and career direction
• love

generatively v stagnation (25-50)

• creative, productive activity that contributes to future gen.
• care

ego integrity v dispair (50+)

• integrity of life
• success and failures
• wisdom

Question 13

piaget’s stages of development

Answer 13

sensory motor (0-2)

• coordinaiton of sensory and motor activity
• object permanence

preoperational (2-7)

• language and symbolic representation
• egocentric world view
• make beleive play

concete operation (7-11)

• solve concrete problems with logical operation
• heirachies, class, subclasses
• thinking not yet abstract

formal operation (11+) 
- systematic solution of actual and hypothetical problems using abstract symbols