3 & 4 Flashcards
Is chemical energy potential or kinetic ?
It’s a form of potential energy
Define Metabolism
Chemical process required for the functioning of organs inside a body such as breathing, digestion, repairing of cells, and intense physical activity
Catabolism vs Anabolism
Anabolism = growth
Catabolism = breakdown
ATP cycle
First releases energy and than requires energy
Properties of enzymes
They are catalysts and lower the activation energy for reactions
How can you identify an enzyme in a word
It ends in -ase
Define Cofactors
Inorganic and organic chemicals that assist enzymes during the catalysis of reaction
Define Coenzymes
Non-protein organic molecules that help proteins function appropriately
3 types of lipids that make up the plasma membrane
phospholipids
cholesterol
glycolipids
Active transport vs Passive
Active moves molecules and ions from lower concentration to higher with ATP
Passive moves ions and molecules from higher to lower concentration without ATP
Simple vs Facilitated diffusion
In Simple molecules can only pass in the direction of the concentrated gradient
In Facilitated they can pass in any direction
Define osmosis
water moves from areas of low concentration of solute to areas in high concentration
Compare and Contrast Hypotonic, Hypertonic and Isotonic
Hypo- lower concentration of fluid than blood
Hyper- Higher concentration of fluid
Isotonic- Similar concentration
Contrast Phagocytosis, Exocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Endocytosis
Phago- targets large structures
Pino- non specific
Exo- secretion of large molecules
Endo- specific for substances recognized by a receptor
Relationship between DNA, Chromatin, Genes
Chromatin contains DNA and controls the gene expression
Mitosis vs Miosis
Mitosis is when cells divide and it creates 2 identical diploid cells
Meiosis is when gametes are produced and it created 4 non identical diploid cells
What happens in prophase ?
First phase in cell cycle and chromosomes shorten and thicken
What happens in Metaphase ?
Second phase and chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
What happens in Anaphase ?
Third phase and Chromatids break apart to move to polar opposites
What happens in Telophase ?
Last phase and two nuclei form
3 most important molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
What happens in a chemical reaction
Chemical bonds are broken between reactant molecules and new bonds are formed between atoms
Explain ATP cycling
when a phosphate is removed ATP becomes ADP
when a phosphate is added ADP turns into ATP
What are enzymes made of ?
Amino acids linked together
How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?
By grabbing on to one or more reactant molecules
3 main parts of a cell
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytosol vs Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is contained within the entire cell membrane
Cytosol is not held by any organelles in the cell
Functions cells must perform
Provide structure
Take in nutrients
Convert energy
Carry specialized functions
What do lipids do in the plasma membrane
Contribute tension
Rigidity
Overall shape
Integral vs Peripheral plasma membrane
integral split the cell membrane
peripheral attach to the surface
Define Osmotic pressure
minimum pressure needed to be applied to a solution to prevent the flow of water
Define Tonicity
The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell
How does tonicity affect osmosis
It can cause osmosis
Membrane bound vs Non membrane Organelles
Non membrane bound organelles are not filled with fluid or enclosed by a membrane so they include cillia, cytoskeletons, ribosomes, etc
Compare Cillia, Flagella, and Microvilli
Cilia transports substances
Flagella can move the entire cell
Microvilli increases the surface area of the cell to enhance absorption and secretion
Nuclear envelope vs Nucleolus
The nucleolus is a condensed region of chromatin (middle)
The nuclear envelope is the boundary of the nucleus
Differences between
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
mRNA provided a template for coding
tRNA transports amino acids
rRNA forms ribosomes
Why is DNA considered the control center
It controls all cells activity
Codon vs Anticodon
Anticodons base pair with the codon during translation
Why is apoptosis necessary ?
to get rid of body cells that are damaged beyond repair
