3 Flashcards
Linguistic features of Philippine English
- Phonological features
Devoicing of sibilant consonants like:
Beige
Pleasure
Seize
Bees
Cities
Articulated as “s”
Rendering of “th” sound as “t”, “d” such as:
This (dis), thin (tin)
Vowels: features may occur including a loss of distinction between long and short vowels in such pairs as sheep/ship, full/fool, boat/bought
- Lexical features
Borrowed extensively in Spanish (despidida, ‘farewell’, estafa ‘fraud, scandal’, queried ‘mistress’)
Loan translations - open/close the ligitiraaio for“turn of the light/radio; joke only for “Im teasing you; and you don’t only know for you just don’t realize”
Local. coinages include such items as to carnap, highblood, hold-upper, and topnotcher, while archaic items derived from late nineteenth century American English include comfort room (CR), solon, and viand.
Varieties of Philippine English
- Accrolectal Philippine English associated with academics, bilinguals from English-speaking homes and English majors at university level.
- Mesolectal Philippine English
spoken by professionals who are non- English majors and who mostly use English in the workplace, and who display a noticeably Philippine accent. - Basilectal Philippine English differs from the standard language in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar, and can of develop into different languages.
differene such as copula deletion and do-deletion in direct questions.
use of words that are typically considered slang or colloquialisms which are, usually spoken by factory workers, janitors, drivers,
Varieties of Philippine English
- Accrolectal Philippine English associated with academics, bilinguals from English-speaking homes and English majors at university level.
- Mesolectal Philippine English
spoken by professionals who are non- English majors and who mostly use English in the workplace, and who display a noticeably Philippine accent. - Basilectal Philippine English differs from the standard language in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar, and can of develop into different languages.
differene such as copula deletion and do-deletion in direct questions.
use of words that are typically considered slang or colloquialisms which are, usually spoken by factory workers, janitors, drivers,
Developing Intercultural Competence
Communication is instrumental to peoples control in understanding changes and varieties.
Understanding different pragmatic norms and various communicative strategies, such as negotiated skills, situated performance, communicative repertoire, and the ability to efectively and flexibly accommodate one’s interlocutors who speak different varieties of English is the intercultural competence
The knowledge and the skills of interpreting and relating, and of discovery and interaction are, considered key components of intercultural competence that can also impact upon the development of World Englishes (as more conscious attention is paid to cultural and linguistic differences of various kinds)’ to overcome the various kinds of misunderstandings that can occur.
Prejudice is another common area of concern with World Englishes tending to focus upon prejudice towards language varieties and their speakers and intercultural competence tending to focus more generally upon attitudes towards otherness, suggesting also that the development of critical cultural awareness is the way to overcome prejudice in its various forms.
Equality is both seen more within the framework of democratic citizenship in terms of promoting democratic participation regardless of language or language variety.
Therefore, communicators need to acquire the following attributes to develop intercultural competence: respect for and appreclation of other cultures, worldviews and communication styles
(COVID-19) as an infectious disease caused by
the SARS-CoV-2 virus,
spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose
new normal” first appeared
during the 2008 financial crisis
dramatic economic, cultural and social transformations that caused precariousness and social unrest, impacting collective perceptions and individual lifestyles.
used again during the COVID-19 pandemic to point out how it has completely invested and transformed undebatable pivots of human life such as professional identity, economic subsistence, work and family organization, children’s education management; imposing a radical revision of the traditional ways, practices and skills used to manage them
new normal” first appeared
during the 2008 financial crisis
dramatic economic, cultural and social transformations that caused precariousness and social unrest, impacting collective perceptions and individual lifestyles.
used again during the COVID-19 pandemic to point out how it has completely invested and transformed undebatable pivots of human life such as professional identity, economic subsistence, work and family organization, children’s education management; imposing a radical revision of the traditional ways, practices and skills used to manage them
during the 2008 financial crisis
dramatic economic, cultural and social transformations that caused precariousness and social unrest, impacting collective perceptions and individual lifestyles.
used again during the COVID-19 pandemic to point out how it has completely invested and transformed undebatable pivots of human life such as professional identity, economic subsistence, work and family organization, children’s education management; imposing a radical revision of the traditional ways, practices and skills used to manage them
minimize the spread of the Coronavirus
communicators shifted interactions from face-to-face to virtual involves online modes of communication such as video conferencing, phone calls, texts, emails, etc.
During personal interactions
distance from each other while they are wearing face masks and face shields for their health protection.
However, according to a psychologist, when we communicate,
we lose the benefit of seeing certain aspects of body language. We are losing a lot of nonverbal cues, including proxemics (our spatial environment:
how closely we position ourselves to others, the amount of space we take up) and kinesics (our body movements and gestures).
When we wear masks, we lost the ability to interpret critical facial expressions plus, our ability to convey emotion through facial expression is limited (Lindberg. 2020).
Brower (2020), a sociologist, suggested the following ways to enhance our effectiveness in the new normal communication:
a. Give people space. .dealing with more stress than usual lately,
Give everyone a bit more latitudę
If you’re used to starting meetings 8 precisely on time, consider giving your colleague a few minutes of grace.
If you prefer to ‘always have the’ camera on for meetings, be willing to have ąn off-camera meeting now and
b. Be intentionally empathetic.
putting yourself in another’s position really can help communication.
Consider what your teammate might be thinking (cognitive empathy) or what they might be feeling (emotional empathy) under the circumstances you know they’re facing.
c. Ask questions.
how your colleague is doing and how they’re holding up. Then listen and tune in to what they have to Say
d. Be forgiving.
e. Build relationships.
You know the sayings: True character is evident through difficult times. This is especially true in how we communicate now. The empathy, compassion and grace you express will reflect positively on your character.
minimize the spread of the Coronavirus
communicators shifted interactions from face-to-face to virtual involves online modes of communication such as video conferencing, phone calls, texts, emails, etc.
During personal interactions
distance from each other while they are wearing face masks and face shields for their health protection.
However, according to a psychologist, when we communicate,
we lose the benefit of seeing certain aspects of body language. We are losing a lot of nonverbal cues, including proxemics (our spatial environment:
how closely we position ourselves to others, the amount of space we take up) and kinesics (our body movements and gestures).
When we wear masks, we lost the ability to interpret critical facial expressions plus, our ability to convey emotion through facial expression is limited (Lindberg. 2020).
- Lockdown:
most used word of the year for 2020.
imposition of stringent restrictions on travel, social interaction, and access to public spaces”.
describe the restrictions imposed in countries across the globe to prevent the spread of infection
During the lockdown, people were not allowed to step out of the house except for buying necessities, reducing the number of trips outside, and ideally only a single, healthy family member making the trips when necessary.
- Pandemic
as roots in Latin and the Greek pandēmos, meaning common public “Breakingit down further, pan? means“all” and dermos “means “people”
having spread from a community to several countries globe.
- Quarantine: similar meaning to isolatie
involves separating and restricting the movements people who were exposed to the contagious disease to see if they become sick.
imposed on someone who was exposed to COVID-19 to avoid the spread of the disease
- Asymptomatic: silent careers of the COVID-19 disease somer someone who is infected but does not present any kind of symptoms.
not show any signs of fever, dry cough, sore throat, shortness of 01 breath and body aches at the time of testing positive for the virus but Some ofthese individuals may be“presymptomatic’ and will develop symptoms over the next few days.
- Comorbidity: increases a person’s risk of becoming very sick if they develop COVID-19.
she has more than one illness or health: disorder which includes conditions like chronic 0kidney disease,COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), obesity, serious heart conditions, and type 2 diabetes.
Other conditions that may up someone’s risk of severe COVID-19. disease include asthma, hypertension, compromised immune systems, smoking, and type 1 diabetes. As per reports, over 48% of the patients who passed ot,aWay after the treatment during the COVID-19, had underlyin3 o comorbidities, said doctors around the world in their findings.
- PPE
A Personal protective equipment (PPE), is a specialised clothing item used as a safeguard against health hazards
PPE protect parts of the body typically exposed in normal attire, including the nose, mouth, eyes, hands, and feet.
gloves, medical masks, goggles, face shields, gowns, respirators, and aprons as parts of the personal protective equipment.
PPE is usually intended to be worn by health-care workers or anyone else who may be in close contact with a COVID-19 patient to protect themselves and prevent transmission of the virus.
7.WFH: “workingfrom home”or“work from home’which describes work being done remotely, instead ot at an office.
new normal of the present world as many companies have offered this flexibility to their employees even post Covid.
- Social-distancing:
act of remaining physically apart to stem transmission of any infection and in this case, it is COVID-19.
non-pharmaceutical infection prevention and control intervention implemented to avoid or decrease contact between those who are infected and those who are not, to stop or slow down the rate and extent of disease transmission in a community. This eventually leads to a decrease in spread, morbidity, and mortality due to the disease.
Social distancing can include a move to remote work, the cancellation of events, and remaining at least six feet away from other individuals.
virtual communication -
mode of communication that includes the use of technology – audio and video to communicate with people who are not physically present in front of us.
People can be in the next room, other floor, in neighborhood or even miles away.
Virtual communication usually takes place over the following different channels (Dinardi, 2020);
Instant messaging apps: iMessage, Slack, or WhatsAppstv
Video conferencing software: Nextiva, Cospace, or Hangouts36
Project nanagement tools: Asana, Basecamp, or Trellos
Email-clients: Apple Mail, Outlook, Yahoomail, or Gmail oet Social media: LinkedIn, acebook, or TwitOutlook
Phone calls: Desk phones, VoIP apps, mobile phones
Expert tips to set you up for success in your next virtual presentation:
- Get the Lighting Right:
people can see you well. Make sure you have good front light-meaning the light shines brightly on your face. - Choose the Right Background:
enhances your professional image and is aligned with your message. Avoid a cluttered background or anything that can be distracting, - Know the Technology: Nothing kills a presentation faster than a presenter who fumbles with the technology. This
dry run is essential so that you’re comfortable with the platform features.
- Play to the Camera:
look directly into your computer’s camera, not on the screen or at the other participants.
Put the camera at eye level. Try not to have your camera too far above or below you. iť’s too low, then you run the risk of creating a double chin. A camerd too high makes it difficult to maintain eye contact, as you your gaze dřopping as you speak.
- Get Close (But Not Too Close). You want the camera to frame your face, neck, and shoulders, People are drawn to faces
- Plug into Your Modem: If possible, plug your computer directly into your modem using an Ethernet cable. This will give you the strongest signal and most stable internet connection. The last thing you want to happen during your presentation is to have a weak or unstable internet signal.
- Incorporate Redundant Systems: If using slides, make sure someone else (another webinar co-host or producer) also has a copy of the slides just in case your internet goes wonky and you have to present by calling in. If you are using slides, make them visually appealing. Use high-quality graphics and limit the amount of text on each slide. It’s your job as a presenter to deliver the content. The slides are meant to enhance your spoken words, not replace them.
- Do A Sound Check: If your sound is garbled, people will tune out. While people may forgive less than perfect video, if they can’t clearly hear you, they will leave. Practice with someone on the other end of the presentation platform. Make sure your sound emits clearly. Sometimes headphones or external microphones work better than the computer audio, sometimes not. Every platform is different, so make sure your sound quality is excellent every time. And again, you should practice with the same technical configurations and location that you will use for your presentation.
- Stand Up: If possible, use a standing desk or position your laptop so you can stand at eye level with your computer. Standing up provides a higher energy level and forces us to put our body in a more presentation-like mode. If you have to sit, lean forward as you would if you were presenting at a real meeting or as if you were a TV news anchor. Avoid slouching away from the camera, as that sends a signal that you are disconnected from the audience.
- Be Animated: Just like in a live presentation, you want to present with a little energy and animation. Too slow or too monotone in your voice makes it easy for folks to disengage and tune out. Keeping people engaged virtually requires you to actually be engaging.
11.: Pace Yourself: Without real-time visual audience feedback cues, getting the pacing right can be difficult. Even though you want to infuse some animation and energy into your presentation, don’t pump up the speed too much. If you tend to be a fast talker in real life, practice slowing down just a bit. If you’re a slow talker, you may want to speed up just a bit.
- Engage Your Participants: Just as if you were doing an in-person presentation, craft your presentation to engage the audience. Incorporate chats, polls, raised hand features, etc. Try not to speak for more than ten minutes without some sort of audience engagement. Use the participant list to interact with your participants by name. Have people chat or raise a hand if they want to speak. Keep track of the order of people and then call on them to invite them to turn on their cameras, if applicable.
- Let Someone Else Check the Chats: Don’t get sidetracked by the live chats during your presentation. You’ll be shocked at how distracting it is to your train of thought if you attempt to read the chats while speaking. Instead, have your co-host or producer monitor the chats. If you ask people to chat answers or comments to a question you’ve posed, then pause your talking and engage directly with the chats by acknowledging them, reading them out loud, and commenting on them.
- Evaluate and Enhance: If possible, record the session and take the time to play back and look for areas that worked well and areas that you might want to improve upon. Great presenters, whether virtual or in person, understand the value of continually honing their craft. Be sure to acknowledge your strengths as well as your areas of improvement.
- Be Yourself and Have Fun: Again, just like in face-to-face presentations, audiences connect to authenticity, so be yourself! Let your personality show through. Have fun. If you look like you’re enjoying the presentation, so will others. Research shows that happy people retain information better than bored or disinterested people, so model the energy that you want to create. The audience takes its cue from you.
Virtual Netiquette
Communication involves ethics that concern the creation and evaluation of goodness in all aspects and manifestations of communicative interaction.
Social etiquette
behavior we adopt in various social situations, such as interactions with family, friends, neighbors, or strangers.
Importance of Netiquette:
correct and proper way of conducting yourself while communicating online.
derived by combining “net” and “etiquette.
Book of Virginia Shea entitled“The Core Rules of Netiquette;
Rule 1: Remember the human feelings.
What frequently gets people into trouble when communicating online is that they easily forget they are communicating with real people. There’s a human behind the words you’re reading. It’s easier to shoot back a response to a negative comment because you’re looking at text on a screen rather than looking at someone in the eyes. There’s a certain anonymous freedom, although nothing is really anonymous on the Internet. It’s also easy to misread the context of someone’s words when you can’t see their facial expressions or body language. Meaning can also get lost in translation when auto-correct changes your text or sloppy typing leaves out key words.
Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life.
There’s something freeing about being potentially anonymous, or at least faceless, that ignites a feeling of freedom to say things that you would never say in person. You can type it, and then shut down your computer or log out of Facebook. You can ignore everyone’s response, at least for a little while. But this kind of cyber behavior can still get you into trouble—it just may not be as immediate as if you were listening to their response in person. For instance, copying someone else’s work can violate copyright laws. In addition, saying someone did something when they didn’t could harm their reputation and be considered libelous. On a more personal level, you could risk alienating yourself from a group of friends, family members, or colleagues because of something you’ve written.
Rule 3: Know where you are in cyberspace.
Knowing where you are writing and your audience is essential because online forums and domains all have their own rules. What’s good for one group may go against the mentality or rules of another.
Rule 4: Respect others’ time and bandwidth.
The information overload in today’s society can be overwhelming. It’s important to respect people’s time, keeping your online communication succinct and to the point. It’s also wise to keep in mind that your communications, whether they are in the form of emails or online posts, take up space in storage systems. Bombarding mailing lists with large files or unnecessary data is not looked upon favorably.
Rule 5: Make yourself look good online.
Spelling and grammar are meaningful in online communication. Content also is key. Before you post about “knowing” something, be sure you actually know what you’re talking about. Chat rooms can be particularly tempting. Swearing, starting flame wars, or posting comments that you know will cause controversy is just poor netiquette. It’s also important to keep in mind that writing a message in all caps is considered poor online etiquette because it is commonly understood to be the equivalent of shouting at the recipient.
Rule 6: Share expert knowledge.
One of the true benefits of expanded online communication is the ability to share and retrieve expert knowledge quickly. If you’re an expert and have research or news to share, this is one of the best uses of the internet.
Rule 7: Help keep flame wars under control.
On the other hand, flaming, or trying to incite drama by expressing strong and obnoxious opinions, seems to be widespread in the cyberworld. In some forums and chat rooms, it may be expected, but it’s not looked upon kindly in others. Administrators of Facebook groups, for example, may take these posts down or block users that start flame wars from access to their groups.
Rule 8: Respect one another’s privacy.
This ability to share information at the touch of a button comes with responsibility. An important netiquette rule is respecting the privacy of others.
Type of Speech Definition
Business Meeting Speech Delivery: Performed within formal office meetings.
Social Gathering Speech Delivery: Wishing the newlywed or answering a question from the audience.
Open Forum Speech Delivery: Extemporaneous performed with careful planning and research.
Formal Meeting Speech Delivery: Speech delivery performed within formal or newly assigned minutes.
Speech Delivery
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH - carefully planned and researched.
Although the speaker may have a few notes in the form of an outline, the whole speech has not been committed to memory. With extemporaneous speaking, you have control over what you say or do. You can make changes, elaborate with examples or illustrations, or omit a few minor points if time is running short.
Speaking extemporaneously from a keyword outline demands carefully constructed notes as you speak and encourages you to remain audience-centered.
