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1
Q

KEY PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY

A
  • cardiovascular changes
  • hormonal secretion
  • gastrointestinal function
  • blood volume and composition
  • respiratory function
  • renal function
  • metabolic adjustments
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2
Q

Increased cardiac output from 30%-50% by 32 weeks of pregnancy & declines to about 20% at week 40

A
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3
Q

Cardiac output = _____________

A

blood volume

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4
Q

Heart rate increases from ______bpm

A

70 to 85

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5
Q

Slight cardiac hypertrophy or increase in cardiac size or dilation.
Decrease in both systolic and diastolic pressure of _________ mmHg

A

5-10

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6
Q

hormones that have major effects on maternal physiology and/or nutrient metabolism are:

A

Progesterone
Estrogen
Human chorionic thyrotropin (HCT)
Human growth hormone
Thyroxine
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Insulin
Aldosterone

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7
Q

Increased __________ may be observed early in pregnancy.
(GI function)

A

apetite

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8
Q

Decreased tone and motility of the smooth muscles, which lead to _________________, decrease emptying time of the stomach and reverse peristalsis, and may cause nausea, vomiting, and heartburn

A

esophageal regurgitation

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9
Q

Decreased secretion of ___________________ reduces gastric acidity and depresses calcium and iron absorption

A

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

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10
Q

LBW babies – _____kg or less

A

2.5kg

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11
Q

Total blood plasma volume is known to increase ___% above normal values, beginning with 3rd month of pregnancy

A

33 %

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12
Q

Hematocrit, normally around 35% among nonpregnant women, is only ________% during pregnancy

A

29-31%

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13
Q

volume of RBC

A

hematocrit

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14
Q

RAA MECHANISM

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

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15
Q

protein molecule released by kidneys which acts as an enzyme
; converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

A

renin

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16
Q

blood protein from liver

A

angiotensinogen

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17
Q

enzyme found in large amounts in organs such as the lungs, converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

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18
Q

acts on kidneys causing them to conserve Na and water

A

aldosterone

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19
Q

major maternal fuel

A

fat

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20
Q

major fetal fuel

A

glucose

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21
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is increased by _____% by the end of the term

A

20-25

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22
Q

the muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth

A

uterus

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23
Q

Oval, spongy structure which at term is 15-17 cm in diameter, and weighs about 450 grams

A

placenta

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24
Q

Also known as “afterbirth” when expelled after the birth of the baby

A

placenta

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25
Q

a fluid-filled balloon-like structure that houses the developing fetus; “bag of waters” in the uterus

A

amniotic sac

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26
Q

a ropelike structure containing fetal blood vessels that extends through the fetus’s bellybutton (umbilicus) to the placenta

A

umbilical cord

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27
Q

Route of nourishment & oxygen to the fetus, and route of waste disposal from fetus

A

umbilical cord

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28
Q

EXPELLED FROM UTERUS DURING CHILDBIRTH

A

placenta
amniotic sac
umbilical cord

29
Q

PLACENTA PURPOSE

A

1 supply fetus with nutrients and oxygen
2 store nutrients particularly vitamins
3 produce substances required for fetal metabolism
4 removing fetal waste products

30
Q

DIVISIONS OF PLACENTA

A

1 fetal portion
2 maternal portion
3 intervillous spaces

31
Q

fetal portion of placenta, increase total absorbing surface of infant

32
Q

maternal portion of placenta, hollow spaces that fill with blood from the endometrial arteries & veins

33
Q

agents of transfer

A

chorionic villi

34
Q

depot of transfer

A

intervillous spaces

35
Q

newly fertilized ovum
less than a week after fertilization

36
Q

STAGES OF EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT

A

1 zygote
2 fetus
3 embryo
4 newborn infant

37
Q

5 weeks after fertilization, 1/2 in long

after implantation, placenta develops and begins to provide nourishment to the developing __________

38
Q

11 weeks of development. umbilical cord and blood vessels connecting _______ w placenta

39
Q

after 9 mos of development
measures approx 20in
20x longer, 50x heavier

A

newborn infant

40
Q

Occurs after sexual intercourse no more than 72 hours before the ovulation & not later than 24 hours after

A

fertilization

41
Q

Takes ____ hours for the sperm to complete the journey up to the female duct system to the end of the uterine tubes

42
Q

Occurs at the moment the genetic material of a sperm combines with that of an ovum to form a fertilized egg

A

fertilization

43
Q

the first cell of the new individual

44
Q

“differentiation” of major organs and tissues (2-8 weeks)

A

organogenesis

45
Q

First 2 weeks or 14 days of gestation.
Fertilized ovum becomes embedded in the wall of the uterus.
Cell division continues, zygote becomes an embryo.

A

implantation

46
Q

3 basic layers of tissue form & give rise to the various specific organs & tissues of the body:

A
  • Ectoderm (nervous system & epidermis)
  • Endoderm (lining of GIT, liver, pancreas, thyroid)
  • Mesoderm (skeleton, connective tissues, vascular & urogenital systems, dermis, skeletal & smooth muscle)
47
Q

By the _th week, body begins to take form and can be identified as human

(organogenesis)

48
Q

poor skeletal formation

A

riboflavin deficiency

49
Q

Pyridoxine/Manganese deficiency

A

neuromotor problems

50
Q

hydrocephalus

A

vit. b12 deficiency

51
Q

Vit. A/niacin/folacin deficiencies

A

cleft palate

52
Q

Covers the remaining 7 months of pregnancy; starts at 3rd month

A

growth period

53
Q

[growth period]
WEEK 4

A

brain development begins

54
Q

SEQUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY

A

WEEK
4: brain development begins
5: heart function and liver function
8: skeleton mineralization begins

MONTH
3: kidney function
4: lungs form
5: fetus kicks and turns
6: fetus swallows
7: fetal nervous system controls breathing
8: lungs function

55
Q

Times of intense development & rapid cell division

A

critical period

56
Q

Critical = events scheduled for those times can occur only at those times

57
Q

beginning structure or brain and spinal cord

A

neural tube

58
Q

paralysis; dislocated hip, spine curvature, muscle weakness, mental handicaps

A

spina bifida

59
Q

ends in miscarriage

A

anencephaly

60
Q

FOLATE SUPPLEMENTATION
___ ug pregnant W
___ ug lactating W

A

600ug - P
500ug - L

61
Q

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
central nervous system

A

Central Nervous System : 2-5 wks

62
Q

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
heart

A

heart : 3-6 wks

63
Q

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
ears

A

ears : 3-10 wks

64
Q

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
eyes

A

eyes : 3-7 wks

65
Q

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
legs and arms

A

legs and arms : 3-7 wks

66
Q

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
teeth

A

teeth : 6-8 wks

67
Q

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
palate

A

palate : 6-9 wks

68
Q

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
external genitalia

A

external genitalia : 6-12 wks

NLS (4 decks)

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