1 Flashcards
increase in size
growth
occurs through cell multiplication
biologic growth
depends on variety of nutrients in the FOOD a child eats and on
the vast number of biochemical process of METABOLISM that supply the right materials in the right place, and time for forming and
maintaining
physiologic growth
growing TISSUES and ORGANS take
on an increased complexity of function; complex process of integrating structures & function with the
GRADUAL acquisition of physiologic competence; MATURATION OF FUNCTION
development
changes in structure &
function begin in the head, proceed toward the
body and then downward to the legs
cephalocaudal
starts in the central axis &
progresses toward the extremities
proximodistal
INTERDEPENDENT processes
associated with the period from CONCEPTION to MATURITY;
growth and development
attainment
of
body
size,
conformation & physiologic capabilities,
maturation/maturity
body’s
accommodation
or
adjustment to its immediate environment
adaptation
NOT a single independent phenomenon but a combination of
processes that occur at different times, DECLINE of function of cells, organs, and
organism as a whole
aging
begins at conception and ends at death
total life process
BASIC CONCEPTS OF NLS
- growth
- development
- growth and development
- maturation
- adaptation
- aging
NORMAL LIFE CYCLE PATTERN
- birth
- infancy
- childhood (preschool and school age)
- adolescence
- adulthood
Start of human body to undergo several stages, pregnancy and lactation for females
birth
First rapid growth spurt occurs
infancy
[infancy]
6 mos : double the birthweight
1 yr : triple the birthweight
Growth rate slows and become erratic; At some periods there are plateaus, at others small growth spurts occur
childhood
Second growth spurt occurs
adolescence
final phase of normal life cycle
adulthood
old to the point of nonfunctional
senescence
MENTAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL GROWTH
- mental growth
- emotional growth
- social and cultural growth
Communication skills;
Ability to handle abstract & symbolic material in thinking;
mental growth
Measured in capacity for love and affection;
ability to handle frustration & its anxieties;
control aggressive impulses
emotional growth
ability to relate to others, and to
participate in group living and culture; learned first through relationships with parents, the with family
social and cultural growth
he identified 8 stages in human growth and a
basic psychological problem for the crisis the person
struggles with at each stage
Erik Erikson
infancy + and - ego value
trust vs distrust
toddler + and - ego value
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
preschooler + and - ego value
initiative vs. guilt
school-age child + and - ego value
industry vs. inferiority
adolescent + and - ego value
identity vs role confusion
young adult (18-40)
intimacy vs isolation
adult (40-60) + and - ego value
generativity vs stagnation
older adult (60 above) + and - ego value
ego integrity vs. despair
Given favorable circumstances, a growing child develops
positive ego strength at each life stage & builds
increasing resources to meet the next crisis.
However, the struggle at any stage is NOT FOREVER won at
that point. A residue of the negative remains, and in periods of
stress such as illness, regression occurs.
psychosocial development
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY
- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ level
- organismal level
Lowest level of structure; atoms combine to form molecules such as
water, sugar, or protein
chemical level
Molecules associate in specific ways to form cells
Cells being the smallest unit of all living things
Individual cells vary in size & shape
Cell structure & function determine the quality of life
cellular level
________________ are composed of similar cells that have similar
appearance & common function.
tissues
__________________ is a structure composed of 2 or more tissue types
that performs a specific function of the body.
organ
Highest level of structural organization of living body
organismal level
11 ORGAN SYSTEMS
- integumentary
- skeletal
- muscular
- nervous
- endocrine
- cardiovascular
- lymphatic
- respiratory
- digestive
- urinary
- reproductive
drruc-lismen
major building substance of cell
protein
% of water in living cells
60 %
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen, and
many other trace elements (iron, sodium, potassium, etc.)
cell
3 MAJOR PARTS OF CELL
nucleus
cell membrane
cytoplasm
Control center
Directs cell activity
Necessary for reproduction;
contains DNA which carries instruction for synthesis of proteins
nucleus
Limits & encloses the cytoplasm & acts as a selective barrier to the movement of substances into & out of the cell
plasma membrane
Place where most cellular activities occur
cytoplasm
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
does not require energy (ATP); facilitated diffusion
passive transport
uses ATP, lower to higher concentration
active transport
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
hypertonic solution
hypotonic solution
isotonic solution
outward to inward (osmotic pressure)
hypertonic solution
inward to outward (osmotic pressure)
hypotonic solution
PHASES OF CELL DIVISION
- meiosis
- mitosis
phases: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, cytokinesis
cell division during which the nucleus divides
into 4 nuclei, each of which contains half the number
of chromosomes
meiosis
cell divides into 2 daughter cells, each of which
has the same chromosomes as the original cell
mitosis
3 PHASES CELL GROWTH OCCURS
- hyperplasia
- cell proliferation
- hypertrophy
increase in number of cells through the CELL DIVISION; process is reversible when the stimulus is removed
hyperplasia
through
simultaneous
cell
division
(hyperplasia) & cell enlargement (hypertrophy)
cell proliferation
cell division ceases & growth occurs by CELL ENLARGEMENT; growth ends when total organ weight becomes
constant
hypertrophy
2 PHASES OF LIFE SPAN OF A LIVING ORGANISM
- prenatal life
- postnatal life
Starts at the fetal period & stops with birth
prenatal life
starts w birth, ends w death
postnatal life
FACTORS AFFECTING NUTRIENTS
- age
- gender
- genetics
- lifestyle habits
