3/14 UWORLD -test # 42 Flashcards
Q 1. fetal aromatase deficiency
- female fetal genital development?
- maternal manifestions? why?
- normal internal genitalia, ambiguous external genitalia
: internal genitalia is default development, not estrogen dependent. While external genitalia development needs estrogen - mom will show hirshitism/ virilization as fetal androgens transfer into maternal circulation
Q 3. acute hemolytic transfusion
- what type of hypersensitivity
- complement mediated cell lysis? how?
- type 2: antibody mediated
- anti-ABO antibody, which is mostly IgM (except Anti-D, which is IgG), can activate classical complement pathway ( rembmer GM?)
Q 4. Absolute erythrocytosis vs. relative erythrocytosis
- Absolute erythrocytosis
: increased RBC mass - relative erythrocytosis
: no change in RBC mass
Q 4. primary erythrocytosis vs. secondary erythrocytosis
primary erythrocytosis
:low EPO, caused by myleoproliferative disorders such as polycythemia vera
secondary erythrocytosis
: high EPO, due to hypoxic condition
Q 4. How does occult neoplasia cause erythrocytosis? What type of erythrocytosis?
occult neoplasia may release EPO
-> secondary erythrocytosis
Q 5. How is naltrexone used for alcoholism?
naltrexone works to prevent craving.
u-opioid antagonist, blocks reward pathway
Q 5. Alcoholism treatments: mechanism of action?
- Fomepizole
- Disulfiram
- Formepizole: blocks alcohol dehydrogenase, inhibiting acetaldehyde formation
- Disulfiram: blocks acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, inducing hangover-> aversion mechanism of action
Q 6. Relative Risk values
- RR=1
- RR<1
- RR>1
RR=1: no association between exposure and risk
RR<1: exposure is associated with decreased risk
RR>1: exposure is associated with increased risk
Q 7. what hormone mediates development of
- male external/ internal genitalia
- female external/ internal genitalia
Male
- external: DHT
- internal: testosterone
Female
- external: estrogen
- internal: no requirement. Mullenian duct is default (unless there is AMH secreted by sertoli cell)
Q 7. intact Leydig cell & defect Sertoli cell: what will male external/internal genitalia look like?
external: male (intact testoterone/ DHT by Leydig)
internal: male & female
- female: absence of AMH by sertoli cell
- male: testosterone still intact
Q 9. Drug efficacy vs. potency: what value can tell this?
efficacy- higher Vmax, more efficacy
potency- lower LD50 dose, more potency
Q 11. What infection is common in lung transplant?
CMV
pneumonia
Q 11. CMV: DNA? RNA? enveloped?
CMV is herpes virus family
so dsDNA, enveloped
sketchy: HSV sketchy- hermes wearing white cloth (enveloped) standing on the double lane (double stranded) blue background (DNA)
Q 13. duloxetine: what class of drug
SNRI
Q 17. What blood supplies descending colon? To which another vessel does it form anastomosis?
primarily supplied by IMA (Inferior mesenteric) collateral circulation (anastomosis) with SMA
Q 18. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders
- 3 disorders: what are they?
- what mutation/what is this protein? what is downstream signaling pathway?
- essential thrombocythemia
- polycythemia vera
- myelofibrosis
- JAK2 mutation, JAK2 is non-tyrosine kinase receptor, leading to persistent activation of STAT pathway
Q 18. Ruxolitinib
- MOA
- treatment
- JAK2
- myelofibrosis
Q 20. HPV primarily infects what cervical cell layer? Explain growth pattern of neoplastic cells/ what determines degree of neoplasm/ how it differs from malignancy
Basal cell layer (between squamous epithelium and basement membrane)
From there, neoplastic cells can migrate upward. degree of migration determines grade. If it becomes malignant, it will penetrate through bas
Q 21. High grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
: what is histologic finding in pap test??
expansion of immature basal cell layers to epithelial surface for more than 1/3 (less than 1/3 is considered as low grade neoplasia)
NEOPLASIA: is not the same as carcinoma
invasion to basement membrane is carcinoma not neoplalsia
