3/12 UWORLD- test # 37 Flashcards
Q 1. ectoderm gives rise to what three EMBRYOLOGICAL structures?
surface ectoderm
neural tube
neural crest
Q 1. adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) is derived from what embryological structure?
surface ectoderm
Q 1. mammary gland is derived from what embryological structure?
surface ectoderm
Q 1. pineal gland is derived from what embryological structure?
neuroectoderm
Q 1. Dermis is derived from what embryological structure? what about epidermis?
dermis: mesoderm
epidermis: surface ectoderm
Q 1. Adrenal cortex is derived from what embryological structure? what about adrenal medulla?
adrenal cortex: mesoderm
adrenal medulla: neural crest (A in motel pass)
Q 2. Two phases of type 4 hypersensitivity. What is happening and how long?
- sensitization phase
- elicitation phase
- sensitization phase: when hapten (such as ivy) is first exposed. Takes 10-14 days, as it takes time to antigen presenting/ T cell activation
- elicitation phase: when SAME hapten is exposed again Takes 2-3 days, as hapten-specific T cells are located in epidermis and dermis
Q 3. Describe how airway resistance changes from trachea to alveoli. Why is this pattern?
Airway resistance picks at medium sized bronchi and decreases as it travels down to alveoli
medium sized bronchi has the greatest turbulent flow. Resistance drop as airway branches more, because surface area becomes great
Q 4. Which cell mediates immune response to helminth?
eosionphil
Q 5. vitamin C overdose toxicity? (3)
- calcium oxalate kidney stone (vitamin C is metabolized to oxalate)
- GI (nausea, diarrhea, vomiting)
- increased risk of iron toxicity
Q 5. Vitamin A overdose toxicity? (4As)
- it is all A
- Appearance (Alopecia, dry skin)
- Ability to think (pseudomotor cerebri -> papilloedema)
- Alcohol metabolizer (hepatic toxicity)
- Arthralgias
Q 5. vitamin E overdose? what about deficiency (3)?
overdose
- hemorrhagic stroke: vitamin E inhibits coagulation factors
deficiency
- hemolytic anemia, acanthocytosis, neurologic degeneration due to oxdiative stress
Q 6. What is health maintenance organization
insurance program
low monthly cost, low co-payment
Good option for chronic disease (in chronic state, MAINTENANCE of health is important, so health MAINTENANCE organization)
Q 7. Internal hemorrhoids vs. external hemorrhoids
- anatomical location
- artery
- vein drainage
- lymphatic drainage
- nerve innervation/painfulness
Internal hemorrhoids
- above pectinate line
- superior rectal a. (branch of inferior mesenteric)
- superior rectal vein -> inferior mesenteric vein -> portal system
- internal iliac lymph node
- visceral nerve/ not painful
External hemorrhoids
- below pectinate line
- inferior rectal a. (branch of pudendal a.)
- inferior rectal vein -> internal pudendal vein -> internal iliac vein -> common iliac vein -> IVC
- superficial inguinal lymph node
- somatic nerve/ painful
Q 8. Patient belives people are harming them (although it is not true). Paranoid personality disorder or delusional disorder?
delusional disorder
paranoid personality disorder is that patient does not TRUST people. which is not the same as believing that people are harming (that is not true) the patient.
Q 8. Diagnostic criteria for delusional diorder
one or more delusion for one ore more month
Q 9. Brief psychotic disorder vs. delusional disorder
Brief psychotic disorder is defined as one or more of positive symptoms (delusion is included), but less than one month (but more than one day)
Q 10. Low carnitine content in muscle biopsy suggests what?
defect in fatty acid oxidation
Q 10. What is palmitate?
fatty acid that can be ingested or synthesized from carbohydrates. Defect in fatty acid synthesis may result in low palmitate
Q 10. What is acetoacetate?
ketone bodies
Q 12. compare glucose tranport mechanism in
- adipose/ liver/ muscle tissue
- intestine/ renal tubule
Adipose/liver/muscle tissue
- GLUT mediated transport (carrier mediated facilitated diffusion: steroselective- D glucose is absorbed much faster than L-glucose)
intestine/ renal tubule
- Na+/glucose cotransporter
Q 13. HIV associated dementia
- CD4 T cell count?
- pathogenesis?
- CD4 <200
- inflammatory activation of microglial cells chewing up brain
Q 14. Infection routes (2) for HIV?
- sex
- needle stick
Q 14. HIV positive pregnant should do what to decrease risk of transmission to baby?
antiviral medications (zidovudine)
There is no vaccine for HIV!