3/11 UWORLD -test # 36 Flashcards
Q 2. What are two most important metabolites that mediate blood flow autoregulation? explain physiology
NO & adenosine
increasing blood pressure -> stretch vessel -> vasodilation by NO/ adenosine to maintain same blood flow.
If vessel doesn’t stretch, blood flow will increase.
Q 14. Autopsy findings (2) of erythroblastosis fetalis?
- multinucleated RBC (immature RBC synthesis/release due to massive RBC destruction)
- extramedullary hematopoiesis (hepatosplenomegaly)
Q 16. Anatomy: compare limited ROM in injury of deltoid vs. injury of trapezius. (hint: what nerve innervates each?)
- injury of deltoid: innervated by axillary nerve (C5-T1), impaired abduction of arm BELOW horizontal line
( C5-T1 is located BELOW compared to spinal accessory nerve) - injury of trapezius: innervated by spinal accessory nerve, impaired abduction of arm ABOVE horizontal line
( spinal accessory nerve passes through posterior triangle of neck, above C5-T1, thus ABOVE horizontal line)
Q 1. Kid with no vaccination, fever, stridor, epiglottis. What infection is this?
H. influenzae
buzzing word: epiglottis and unvaccination
Q 1. What is virulence factor of H.Influenzae?
encapsulated bacteria
PRP (Polyribosylribitol phosphate)
PRP capsule protects bacteria from phagocytosis
Q 3. What is Pygmalion effect?
practitioner who believes in efficacy of treatment is biased
Q 3. What is Hawthorne effect?
study subjects change their behavior as a result of their awareness that they are being studied
Q 3. What is Berkson’s bias?
choosing hospitalized patients as control group is biased, they are less healthy
Q 7. What are three phenotypes of VIPoma?
- Watery Diarrhea
- Hypokalemia
- Achlorhydria: low gastric acid
VIPoma is also called as WHDA syndrome
Q 7. What does cholecystokinin does in terms of gastric emptying?
inhibits gastric emptying to allow more time for gastric digestion
CCK is sort of digestation facillitator
Q 8. Mullerian duct
- derivative of what type of nephric duct?
- gives rise to what structure (3)?
- Mullerian duct aplasia phenotype?
- paramesonephric duct
- fallopian tubes, uterus, upper 1/3 vagina
- note: gonad (ovary) is NOT derived from it. Gonad is derived from mesothelial layer of peritoneum
- rudimentary uterus, primary amonorrhea (no uterus!), short vagina.
- note: ovary is intact. Thus normal sexual characteristic developments
Q 8. Wolffian duct
- derivative of what type of nephric duct?
- gives rise to what structure (4)?
- mesonephric duct
- SEED Seminal vesicle Epididymis Ejaculatory duct Ductus deferan * note: gonad (testis) is NOT derived from it. Gonad is derived from mesothelial layer of peritoneum
Q 8. Kallman syndrome
- what embryological abnormality?
- phenotypes (2)
- impaired migration of GnRH cells in hypothalamus & formation of olfactory bulb
- anosmia (impaired smell sensation)
- low GnRH: no secondary sexual development, infertility
Q 8. What is phenotype of 47XXX?
- tall stature
- normal sexual development
- slightly low IQ
Q 9. ethics: what is the best way to deal with patients who have low level of literacy?
use alternative resources (video, etc) to convey knowledge. Give a written paper will not work
Q 10. Is senile endocardial amyloidosis associated with valvular calcification? What pathology may amyloidosis cause?
- no association with calcification
- restrictive cardiomyopathy/ HF
Q 10. Dystrophic calcification
- what process is usually preceded?
- histologic finding?
- serum calcium level?
- cell necrosis or injury happens first, then calcification
: dystropic calcification is secondary to injury or necrosis - psomma bodies
- normal serum calcium level (vs. metastatic calcification, which occurs in hypercalcemia)
Q 10. How does metastatic calcification differ from dystrophic calcification?
metastatic calcification is secondary to hypercalcemia. It happens on normal tissue
