3-0 Flashcards
A Department of the Army Publication that contains the “fundamental principles by which the military forces or elements thereof guide their actions in support of national objectives. It is authoritative but requires judgment in application (JP 1-02).
Army Doctrine Publications (ADP)
detailed explanation of all doctrinal principles which provide the foundational understanding so everyone in the Army can interpret it the same way.”
Army Doctrine Reference Publication (ADRP)
Army Doctrine (Department of the Army Publication) that lays out tactics and procedures
Field Manual (FM)
“Non-prescriptive ways or methods used to perform missions, functions, or tasks (JP 1-02).
Army Technique Pubs
a body of thought on how Army forces operate as an integral part of a joint force
Army Doctrine
serves as the basis for decisions about organization, training, leader development, material, Soldiers, and facilities.
Capstone Doctrine
Army Capstone Doctrine (List)
ADP 1, The Army, and ADP 3-0, Unified Land Operations
Army forces are employed within a strategic context defined by
The Operational Environment (OE):
Character of the Friendly Force
Character of the Threat
A composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander
Operational Environment
Army leaders plan, prepare, execute, and assess operations by analyzing the operational environment in terms of the
Operational Variable (PMESII-PT) Mission Variables (METT-T)
Mission Variables
variables consist of mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civil considerations (known as METT-TC).
Operational Variables
consist of political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and time (known as PMESII-PT).
Terrain is analyzed in military aspect of:
OAKOC:
observation and fields of fire, avenues of approach, key and decisive terrain, obstacles, cover and concealment.
Civil considerations analyzed in terms of:
of ASCOPE:
areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people, and events.
the diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces, terrorist forces, criminal elements, or a combination of these forces and elements all unified to achieve mutually benefitting effects.
Hybrid threat
Foundations of Unified Land Operations
Initiative
Decisive Action
Army Corps Competency
Mission Command
simultaneous combination of offensive, defensive, and stability operations (or defense support of civil authorities)
Decisive Action
conducted to defeat and destroy enemy forces and seize terrain, resources, and population centers
Offensive Operations
Types of offensive Ops
movement to contact, attack, exploitation, and pursui
conducted to defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces, and develop conditions favorable for offensive and stability tasks
Defensive Operations
Type of defensive Ops
mobile defense, area defense, and retrograde.
military missions, tasks, and activities conducted outside the United States to maintain or reestablish a safe and secure environment and to provide essential governmental services, emergency infrastructure reconstruction, and humanitarian relief.
Stability Operations
Types of stability Ops
establish civil security, establish civil control, restore essential services, support to governance, and support to economic and infrastructure development.
represent Department of Defense support to U.S. civil authorities for domestic emergencies, law enforcement support, and other domestic activities, or from qualifying entities for special event
Homeland defense and defense support of civil authorities
provide support for domestic disasters; provide support for domestic chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosive incidents; provide support for domestic civilian law enforcement agencies; and provide other designated support.
Homeland defense and defense support of civil authorities
Core Competencies
Combined arms maneuver and wide area security provide the means for balancing the application of the elements of combat power within tactical actions and tasks associated with offensive, defensive, and stability operations.
the application of the elements of combat power in unified action to defeat enemy ground forces; to seize, occupy, and defend land areas; and to achieve physical, temporal, and psychological advantages over the enemy to seize and exploit the initiative.
Combined Arms Maneuver
the application of the elements of combat power in unified action to protect populations, forces, infrastructure, and activities; to deny the enemy positions of advantage; and to consolidate gains in order to retain the initiative.
Wide Area Security
philosophy of command that emphasizes broad mission-type orders, individual initiative within the commander’s intent, and leaders who can anticipate and adapt quickly to changing conditions.
Mission Command
Tenets of unified land operations
flexibility, integration, lethality, adaptability, depth, and synchronization.
a series of related major operations aimed at achieving strategic and operational objectives.
campaign
a military action, consisting of two or more related tactical actions, designed to achieve a strategic objective, in whole or in part.
operation
a battle or engagement, employing lethal or nonlethal actions, designed for a specific purpose related to the enemy, the terrain, friendly forces, or other entity.
tactical action
employ a versatile mix of capabilities, formations, and equipment
flexibility
Army forces do not operate independently but as a part of a larger joint, interagency, and frequently multinational effort
integration
The capacity for physical destruction is fundamental to all other military capabilities and the most basic building block for military operations
Lethality
No prefabricated solutions to tactical or operational problems exist. Leaders must adapt their thinking, their formations, and their employment techniques to the specific situation they face. This requires an adaptable mind, a willingness to accept prudent risk in unfamiliar or rapidly changing situations, and an ability to adjust based on continuous assessment.
Adaptability
The extension of operations in space, time, or purpose
Depth
The arrangement of military actions in time, space, and purpose to produce maximum relative combat power at a decisive place and time. It is the ability to execute multiple, related, and mutually supporting tasks in different locations at the same time, producing greater effects than executing each task in isolation.
Synchronization
the pursuit of strategic objectives, in whole or in part, through the arrangement of tactical actions in time, space, and purpose
Operational Art
applies to any formation that must effectively arrange multiple, tactical actions in time, space, and purpose to achieve a strategic objective, in whole or in part.
Operational Art
how commanders balance risk and opportunity
Operational Art
Army’s common construct for operations. allows leaders to organize effort rapidly and effectively in a manner commonly understood across the Army
Operations Structure (overall umbrella)
provides a broadly defined approach to developing and conducting operations
operations process (Plan, ADM, MDMP, TLP, Prepare, Execute, Assess)
provides leaders with some basic conceptual options for visualizing and describing operations.
operational framework (deep-close-security, main-supporting, decisive-shaping-sustaining)
serve as an intellectual organization for common critical functions.
warfighting functions
the art and science of understanding a situation, envisioning a desired future, and laying out effective ways of bringing about that future. Planning consists of two separate but closely related components: conceptual and detailed
planning
used for applying critical and creative thinking to understand, visualize, and describe unfamiliar problems and approaches to solving them. Leaders integrate this aid to conceptual thinking methodology with the detailed planning associated with the MDMP.
Army design methodology
an iterative planning methodology. applies both conceptual and detailed approaches to thinking but is most closely associated with detailed planning.
mdmp
are a dynamic process used by small-unit leaders and typically not employed in organizations with staffs.
Troop leading procedures (TLP)
3 basic Operations Process Steps
Preparing, Executing Assessing
consists of activities that units perform to improve their ability to execute an operation. Army forces cannot train for every possible mission; they prepare for decisive action with emphasis on the most likely mix of tasks.
preparing
puts a plan into action by applying combat power to accomplish the mission and using situational understanding to assess progress and make execution and adjustment decisions.
Executing
continuously monitoring and evaluating the current situation and the progress of an operation.
assessing
used to describe the operation in time and space
deep, close, security
used to articulate the operation in terms of purpose
Decisive - Shaping - Sustaining
used to designate the shifting prioritization of resources
Main Effort- Supporting Efforts
Army leaders are responsible for clearly articulating their concept of operations in …..
in time, space, purpose, and resources
An operational area assigned to Army units by higher headquarters that should be large enough to accomplish their missions and protect their forces
Area of operations (AO)
Adjacent subordinate unit AOs share boundaries. The higher headquarters allocates all of the assigned AO to subordinate units
Contiguous AO
Subordinate units receive distinct areas of operations. The higher headquarters retains responsibility for the unassigned portion of the AO.
Noncontiguous AO
The geographical area wherein a commander is directly capable of influencing operations by maneuver and fire support systems. The area of influence normally surrounds and includes the assigned AO(s).
Area of Influence
The area of concern to the commander, including the area of influence, areas adjacent thereto, and extending into enemy territory. This area also includes areas occupied by enemy forces who could jeopardize the accomplishment of the mission.
Area of interest
involve efforts to disrupt uncommitted enemy forces. The purpose of _________ operations frequently ties to other events distant in time and space. might aim to disrupt the movement of operational reserves or prevent the enemy from employing long-range cannon or rocket fires.
Deep operations
involve efforts to have immediate effects with committed friendly forces - potentially in direct contact with enemy forces - to include enemy reserves available for immediate commitment.
close operations
involve efforts to provide early and accurate warning of enemy operations, provide the force with time and maneuver space within which to react to the enemy, protect the force from surprise, and develop the situation so the commander can effectively use the force
security operations
lead directly to the accomplishment of a commander’s purpose.
decisive operations
create and preserve conditions for the success of the decisive operation.
shaping operations
enable the decisive operation or shaping operation by generating and maintaining combat power.
sustaining operations
is the designated subordinate unit whose mission at a given point in time is most critical to overall mission success.
main effort
are designated subordinate units with missions that support the success of the main effort.
supporting effort
Army war fighting functions
Mission command Movement and maneuver Intelligence Fires Sustainment Protection
Develops and integrates those activities enabling a commander to balance the art of command and the science of control. Under this philosophy, commanders drive the operations process through their activities of understand, visualize, describe, direct, lead, and assess.
mission command
The related tasks and systems that move forces to achieve a position of advantage in relation to the enemy. Direct fire is inherent in maneuver, as is close combat.
movement and maneuver
: The related tasks and systems that facilitate understanding of the operational environment, enemy, terrain, and civil considerations.
Intelligence
The related tasks and systems that provide collective and coordinated use of Army indirect fires and joint fires through the targeting process.
fires
The related tasks and systems that provide support and services to ensure freedom of action, extend operational reach, and prolong endurance.
sustainment
The related tasks and systems that preserve the force so the commander can apply maximum combat power.
protection
combat operations conducted to defeat and destroy enemy forces and seize terrain, resources, and population centers.
offensive actions
Forms of maneuver
Envelopment, flank attack, frontal attack, infiltration, penetration, and turning movement.
Offensive Tasks
Movement to contact, attack, exploitation, and pursuit.
distinct tactical combinations of fire and movement with a unique set of doctrinal characteristics
forms of maneuver
is a form of maneuver in which an attacking force seeks to avoid the principal enemy defenses by seizing objectives to the enemy rear to destroy the enemy in his current positions.
envelopment (form of maneuver)
is a form of offensive maneuver directed at the flank of an enemy.
flank attack (form of maneuver)
form of maneuver in which an attacking force seeks to destroy a weaker enemy force or fix a larger enemy force in place over a broad front
frontal attack (form of maneuver)
form of maneuver in which an attacking force conducts undetected movement through or into an area occupied by enemy forces to occupy a position of advantage in the enemy rear while exposing only small elements to enemy defensive fires.
infiltration (form of maneuver)
is a form of maneuver in which an attacking force seeks to rupture enemy defenses on a narrow front.
Penetration (form of maneuver)
is a form of maneuver in which the attacking force seeks to avoid the enemy’s principle defensive positions by seizing objectives to the enemy rear and causing the enemy to move out of his current positions or divert major forces to meet the threat.
turning movement (form of maneuver)
an offensive task designed to develop the situation and establish or regain contact. Used when the enemy situation is vague or not specific enough to conduct an attack.
movement to contact (offensive task)
offensive task that destroys or defeats enemy forces, seizes and secures terrain, or both.
attack (offensive task)
A form of attack by fire or other destructive means from concealed positions on a moving or temporarily halted enemy.
ambush (special purpose atk)
A form of attack by part or all of a defending force against an enemy attacking force, with the general objective of denying the enemy his goal in attacking.
counterattack (special purpose atk)
A form of attack designed to deceive the enemy as to the location or time of the decisive operation by a display of force. Forces do not seek contact with the enemy.
demonstration (special purpose atk)
A form of attack used to deceive the enemy as the location or time of the actual decisive operation. Forces seek direct fire contact with the enemy but avoid decisive engagement.
feint (special purpose atk)
A form of attack, usually small scale, involving a swift entry into hostile territory to secure information, confuse the enemy, or destroy installations.
raid (special purpose atk)
: A form of attack that preempts or seriously impairs an enemy attack while the enemy is in the process of planning or preparing to attack.
Spoiling attack (special purpose atk)
Immediate execution to take advantage of a new opportunity.
Simple maneuver plan built from a foundation of SOP’s, battle drills, and habitual command / support relationships.
Less preparation time versus seizing initiative.
Requires capability to anticipate and execute transitions.
Hasty Attack
Extensive reconnaissance conducted prior to the attack.
Detailed planning and coordination.
Increased synchronization of combat multipliers.
Detailed fire planning and integration of assets (shaping operations).
Forward positioning of resources (sustaining).
Deliberate Attack
an offensive task that usually follows the conduct of a successful attack and is designed to disorganize the enemy in depth.
Exploitation (Offensive Task)
n offensive task designed to catch or cut off a hostile force attempting to escape, with the aim of destroying it.
Pursuit (Offensive Task)
A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods, information about the activities and resources of an enemy or adversary, or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydrographical, or geographical characteristics and the indigenous population of a particular area.
reconnaissance
Five forms of reconnaissance
route, zone, area, reconnaissance in force
are those operations undertaken by a commander to provide early and accurate warning of enemy operations, to provide the force being protected with time and maneuver space within which to react to the enemy, and to develop the situation to allow the commander to effectively use the protected force.
security operations
5 tasks of security operations
screen, guard, cover, area security, local security
Commanders choose to ______ to create conditions for a counter-offensive that allows Army forces to regain the initiative.
defensive operations
Defensive tasks
Area Defense, Mobile Defense, Retrograde
deny enemy forces access to designated terrain for a specific time rather than destroying the enemy outright.
Area Defense
destroy or defeat the enemy through a decisive attack by a striking force. The striking force is a dedicated counter- attack force in a mobile defense constituted with the bulk of avail-able combat power. A fixing force supplements the striking force.
Mobile Defense
organized movement away from the enemy. There are three forms: delay, withdrawal, and retirement.
Retrograde
The position that covers the enemy’s most likely avenue of approach into the AO.
Primary battle position
The position that covers the enemy’s most likely avenue of approach into the AO and occupied when the primary becomes untenable or unsuitable.
Alternate Battle position
: The position that covers the best sectors of fire and defensive terrain along an avenue of approach that is not the primary avenue of attack.
Supplementary battle position
The position that a unit expects to move to during the course of battle.
subsequent battle position
Heavily fortified position tied to a natural or reinforcing obstacle to create an anchor for the defense or to deny the enemy decisive or key terrain.
strong point
ultimately aims to create a condition so the local populace regards the situation as legitimate, acceptable, and predictable. These conditions consist of the level of violence; the functioning of governmental, economic, and societal institutions; and the general adherence to local laws, rules, and norms of behavior.
Stability Operations
: Providing for the safety of the host nation and its population, including protection from internal and external threats; it is essential to providing a safe and secure environment.
Establish civil security
Centers on justice reform and the rule of law, supported by efforts to rebuild the host-nation judiciary, police, and corrections systems.
Establish civil control
: Army forces establish or restore the most basic services and protect them until a civil authority or the host nation can provide them.
Restore essential services
Restoring public administration and resuming public services while fostering long-term efforts to establish a functional, effective system of political governance
Support to governance
Focuses on the society’s physical aspects that enable the state’s economic viability.
Support to economic and infrastructure development
Defense Support of Civil Authorities Core Tasks
Provide support for domestic disasters.
Provide support for domestic CBRN incidents
Provide support for domestic civilian law enforcement.
Provide other designated domestic support
Decisive Action Operations
offense
defense
stability
Defense support of civil authorities
Seize, retain, and exploit the initiative to gain and maintain a position of relative advantage in sustained land operations in order to create the conditions for favorable conflict resolution
Unified Land Operations
synchronization, coordination, and/or integration of the activities of governmental and non-governmental entities with military operations to achieve unity of effort
Unified Action
The pursuit of strategic objectives, in whole or in part, through the arrangement of tactical actions in time, space, and purpose
Operational Art
How commander’s balance risk and opportunity
Operational Art
UN Ambassador
Samantha Powers
IMF President
Christine Lagarde
Two broad types of planning
conceptual and detailed
