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[MT 6317] Clinical Chemistry Lecture > [2S] UNIT 5.1: Proteins & Amino Acids > Flashcards

[2S] UNIT 5.1: Proteins & Amino Acids Flashcards

1
Q

 Catalytic site in proteins and enzymes
 Semi-essential
 Dietary supplementation
required in youth

A

Arginine

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2
Q

 Cell division
 Wound healing
 Stimulation of protein synthesis
 Immune function
 Release of hormones
 Conversion of ammonia (NH3) to urea

A

Arginine

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3
Q

NH2 R-Group

A

Arginine

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3
Q

 Grow and repair body tissues
 Maintains myelin sheaths
 Direct precursor of Histamine
o Decarboxylationrxn
o Enzyme: Histidine decarboxylase

A

Histidine

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4
Q

 Maintains normal body pH 7
 Manufacturing RBCs and WBCs
 Protection from heavy metal toxicity*
 Source of carbon atoms in purine synthesis

A

Histidine

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5
Q

Imidazole side chain (Basic)

A

Histidine

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6
Q

For infant growth

A

Leucine

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7
Q

Treatment for muscle, mental, and emotional problems
o Insomnia
o Anxiety
o Liver disease
o Gall bladder disease

A

Valine

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8
Q

 Healing of muscle tissue, bones, and skin
 Regulates blood glucose
 Maintains nitrogen balance in adults

A

Val, Isoleucine, Leucine

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9
Q

Hgb formation

A

Isoleucine

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10
Q

Branched chain amino acid group

A

Val, Isoleucine, Leucine

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11
Q

 Net positive charge
 Basic amino acid

A

Lysine

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12
Q

 Production of antibodies
 Lower triglyceride levels
 Absorption and conservation of Ca+
 Formation of collagen (via conservation of Ca)

A

Lysine

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13
Q

 First AA incorporated into the N-terminal position of all proteins
 Source of sulfur
 Initiates mRNA translation

A

Methionine

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14
Q

 Non-polar AA
 Direct precursor of metabolic Tyrosine

A

Phenylalanine

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15
Q

 Assists breakdown of fats
 Detoxifying lead and other heavy metals*
 Diminish muscle weakness
 Prevents brittle hair (shampoo)
 Reacts with ATP in the synthesis of epinephrine and choline

A

Methionine

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16
Q

Alertness and vitality
Elevates mood
Decreases pain
Aids in memory and learning
Treats arthritis and depression
Blood brain barrier
Norephinephrine production

A

Phenylalanine

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17
Q

 Large quantities interfere with serotonin production
 Deficiency causes mental retardation in infants

A

Phenylalanine

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18
Q
  • Alcohol containing AA
  • Formation of collagen, elastin, and tooth enamel
A

Threonine

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18
Q

 Production of neurotransmitters
 Maintain protein balance
 Aids in liver function, metabolism, and assimilation

A

Threonine

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19
Q

 Simple amino acid
 Product of DNA or dipeptide (anserine and carnosine) breakdown
 Formed from glycolysis in the muscle tissue and pyruvate conversion

A

Alanine

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19
Q

Metabolic precursor for serotonin, melatonin, and niacin

A

Tryptophan

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20
Q

 Alleviates insomnia by inducing sleep
 Soothes anxiety
 Reduces depression
 Treats migraine and headache
 Reduces appetite (weight control)
 Controls hyperactivity in children

A

Tryptophan

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21
Q
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Synthesis of some AA: Threonine, Isoleucine, Lysine, Meth, Asparag, Arginine
A

Aspartic Acid

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21
Q

 Derived from aspartic acid and ATP through transamidation
 Most abundant AA
 Amination or Transamination
o Converts one amino acid to another

A

Asparagine

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21
Q

 Transfer nitrogen from peripheral tissues to liver
 Strengthen immune system
 Reduces buildup of toxic substances from muscle protein breakdown

A

Alanine

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22
Q

 Synthesis of ammonia (NH3)
 Transport of nitrogen

A

Asparagine

23
Q

 Synthesized from oxaloacetate through transamination
 Metabolite in the citric acid cycle and urea cycle
 Negatively charged (-COOH side chain)

A

Aspartic Acid

24
Q

 Toxic
 Absorbed during digestion as cystine

A

Cysteine

25
Q

can be synthesized from Methionine through enzymatic rxns

A

Cysteine

26
Q

 Structural and functional component of proteins and enzymes
 Antioxidant

A

Cysteine

27
Q

 Net negative charge (- COOH side chain)
o  carboxylic groups = acidic
 Polar molecule
 Synthesized from
transamination of alanine and aspartic acid
 Forms Glutamine

A

Glutamate

28
Q

 Neurotransmitter
 Dysregulation linked to
epileptic seizures
 Metabolism of sugars and fats
 Transport of K+ into spinal fluid

A

Glutamate

29
Q

 Most abundant amino acid
 Synthesized from the addition of amino group to glutamate

A

Glutamine

30
Q

 Wound healing
 Connective tissue repair

A

Proline

30
Q

 Produced from glutamine
 Precursor for hydroxyproline
 Works in tandem with Vit C

A

Proline

30
Q

 Transport ammonia to liver for metabolism
 Renal maintenance of acid-base balance
 Source of cellular energy  Aids in immune function
and digestive tract health  Treatment of serious illnesses, injury, trauma,
burns, cancer treatment
 Wound healing for post-
operative patients

A

Glutamine

31
Q

 Synthesized from 3- phosphoglycerate (an intermediate in glycolysis)
 Highly concentrated in all cell membranes
 Component of myelin
sheaths

A

Serine

31
Q

manufactured into collagen, tendons, ligaments, and cardiac tissue

A

hydroxyproline

32
Q

 Production of antibodies
 Metabolism of lipids and fatty acids
 Body synthetic pathways for pyrimidine, purines, creatines, and porphyrins

A

Serine

32
Q

Synthesized from Phe
Precursor of adrenal hormones

A

Tyrosine

33
Q

 Overall metabolism and function of adrenal glands, thyroid, and pituitary glands
 Stimulates nervous system metabolism (mood elevator)
 Treats narcolepsy, anxiety, depression, allergies, and headaches

A

Tyrosine

34
Q

 Present in enzymes, such as formate dehydrogenases, glycine reductases, and some hydrogenases
 HIV diagnosis and monitoring

A

SELENOCYSTEINE

34
Q

 21st amino acid
 Encoded by a UGA codon (stop codon)
 Selenium analog of cysteine – selenium atom replaces the sulfur

A

SELENOCYSTEINE

35
Q

T/F: Patients with HIV infection have lower-than-average blood plasma
selenium level

A

T

36
Q

 22nd amino acid
 Encoded by the UAG codon
 NOT PRESENT IN HUMANS
 Natural occurring genetically encoded amino acid used by some of the
prokaryotes and single-celled microorganisms

A

PYRROLYSINE

37
Q

Methane-producing metabolism in prokaryotes and single-celled microorganisms

A

PYRROLYSINE

38
Q

AMINOACIDOPATHIES

 Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency
 PAH cannot catalyze the conversion of
Phenylalanine -> Tyrosine
 Leads to phenylalanine accumulation

A

PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)

39
Q

AMINOACIDOPATHIES

 Chronic elevation: permanent brain damage
 Found in both blood and urine of patients
 Musty / mousy urine odor
 Maternal phenylketonuria
 microcephalic mentally retarded infants

A

PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)

40
Q

AMINOACIDOPATHIES

PKU treatment

A

Sapropterin dihydrochloride (Kuvan)

41
Q

AMINOACIDOPATHIES

 Bacterial inhibition assay
 Based on the ability of Phe to facilitate bacterial growth in a culture medium in the presence of a growth inhibitor
 Can detect serum Phe
 Concentrations of 180 umol/L
(3 mg/dL)

A

PKU: Guthrie Test

42
Q

AMINOACIDOPATHIES

 Not affected by the presence of antibiotics
 Based on the fluorescence of phenylalanine, ninhydrin and copper complex

A

PKU: Microfluorometric Assay

43
Q

AMINOACIDOPATHIES

PKU ref method

A

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

44
Q

AMINOACIDOPATHIES

 Elevated tyrosine blood concentration and succinylacetone concentration
o Succinylacetone: toxic metabolite; forms due to tyrosine accumulation
 Body cannot metabolize Tyrosine
 Leads to Tyrosine accumulation
ALKAPTONURIA

A

TYROSINEMIA

45
Q
A
46
Q
A
47
Q
A
48
Q
A
49
Q
A
50
Q
A
50
Q
A
51
Q
A
52
Q
A
52
Q
A
53
Q
A
54
Q
A

[MT 6317] Clinical Chemistry Lecture (9 decks)

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