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PHYS > 2ND YEAR IMAEQMA > Flashcards

2ND YEAR IMAEQMA Flashcards

1
Q

What refers to the quality of image?

A

kvp

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2
Q

where does the kvp, mAs, and the autotransformer belong to

A

Operating console, control console, or low voltage section

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3
Q

What is the formula of kVp?

A

kVp= BT (cm) x 2 + machine constant

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4
Q

What is the machine constant of non digital and digital machine?

A

Non digital: 30
Digital: 40

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5
Q

What is the other unit for kVp

A

Half Value Layer

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6
Q

It refers to the penetrability of the x-ray beam

A

kVp specifically, Quality

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7
Q

It adjusts the kvp, mas, and the focal spot size and controls x-ray tube current and voltage

A

Operating console

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8
Q

What is the formula of mAs

A

mAs= mA x time (s)

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9
Q

Refers to the quantity of x-ray photons and intensity of x-ray beam

A

mAs

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10
Q

Other unit for mAs

A

MR (Milliroentgen)

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11
Q

Controls voltage to 110v - 220v

A

Autotransformer

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12
Q

Receives voltage from power source

A

Autotransformer

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13
Q

Provides precise voltage to the x-ray tube

A

Line compensator

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14
Q

What winding does the line compensator belong to

A

Primary winding

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15
Q

What is the winding of the Major and Minor kVp?

A

Secondary winding

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16
Q

It is the 2 separate connections on the autotransformer that selects the kvp

A

Major & minor kVp

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17
Q

Allows the monitoring or measurement of voltage before exposure

A

Pre-reading voltmeter

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18
Q

Controls voltage to heat x-ray tube

A

High Voltage Generator Section

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19
Q

3 Parts of the High Voltage Generator

A

High Voltage Transformer
Filament transformer
Rectifier

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20
Q

Function of rectifier

A

Converts AC to dc

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21
Q

Provides high voltage to x-ray tube

A

High voltage transformer

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22
Q

Increases current & intensity for heating filament

A

Filament transformer

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23
Q

Increases current & intensity for heating filament

A

Filament transformer

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24
Q

It is where the production of x-ray happens

A

X-ray tube

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25
Q

What type of device is the x-ray tube

A

Electrical device

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26
Q

Amount of voltage needed to operate x-ray tube

A

220v

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27
Q

Length and diameter of x-ray tube

A

Length: 30-50cm
Diameter: 20 cm

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28
Q

What is thermionic emission?

A

Process of heating filament to release electrons

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29
Q

Heat needed by filament to produce/release electrons

A

2200*c

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30
Q

X-ray tube consists of :

A

Cathode
Anode

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31
Q

Which is the negative and positive part of the x-ray tube

A

Cathode negative
Anode positive

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32
Q

Parts of cathode

A

Focusing cup
Filament

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33
Q

Designed to condense and repel electron beam to a small area on focal track

A

Focusing cup

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34
Q

What is the focusing cup made of

A

Nickel

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35
Q

Where is the filament embedded

A

Focusing cup

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36
Q

Produces high speed electrons

A

Filament

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37
Q

Filament is a small coil made up of_

A

Thoriated tungsten

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38
Q

Why is thoriated tungsten used for filament?

A

high thermionic emission
better thermal conductivity
high melting point

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39
Q

How many x-ray tubes do modern x-ray have

A

2

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40
Q

Length and diameter of filament

A

Length: 1 - 2 cm
Diameter: 2mm

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41
Q

Factors that determine the effectiveness of focusing cup

A

Size & shape
Charge
Filament size and shape
Position of filament

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42
Q

What is space charge effect

A

Electrostatic Repulsion of space charge

43
Q

What happens to space charge when it boils

A

The charge becomes more negative

44
Q

It attracts the electrons produced by cathode

A

anode

45
Q

_ % heat _ % x-ray

A

99%
1%

46
Q

Other functions of anode

A

Mechanical support for target
Electrical conductor

47
Q

2 types of anode

A

Rotating
Stationary

48
Q

Anode used for general radiography

A

Rotating

49
Q

Why is the rotating anode used for general radiography

A

High exposure
short time production of high intensity x-ray beams

50
Q

Why does the rotating anode provide greater exposure than stationary

A

larger target area
larger heat dissipation

51
Q

Where is stationary used

A

Dental radiography

52
Q

What is stationary anode made up of

A

Tungsten target embedded in large copper bar

53
Q

Parts of anode

A

Target
Focal spot

54
Q

Area of anode struck by projectile electrons

A

Target

55
Q

What is target made up of

A

Tungsten
Rhenium

56
Q

Actual source of radiation and releases it

A

Focal spot

57
Q

Material of focal spot

A

Graphite
Copper
Molybdenum

58
Q

2 sizes of focal spot and their measurement

A

Large: 0.4mm-1.2mm
Small: 0.1mm- 0.5mm

59
Q

Size for focal spot that is used for technical factors that produce high heat

A

Large

60
Q

Pros and Cons of large focal spot

A

Pros: good heat dissipation ; thick body part; short exposure time
Cons: large effective FS

61
Q

Size of focal spot used for better spatial resolutions

A

Small

62
Q

Pros and cons of small focal spot

A

Pros: thin body part; small effective focal spot
Cons: poor heat dissipation

63
Q

Incorporated to the x-ray tube allowing large area for heating while maintaining small focal spot

A

Line focus Principle

64
Q

What happens when you angle the target?

A

Smaller target effective area than electron interaction

65
Q

Electron bombarded by cathode travelling to anode

A

Incident electron beam

66
Q

Electron bombarded by cathode travelling to anode

A

Incident electron beam

67
Q

Physical area of anode when bombarded by electron beam that emits x-ray

A

Actual focal spot

68
Q

Area projected to patient

A

Effective focal spot

69
Q

Pros and Cons of smaller anode angle

A

Po: small effective FS (increased spatial resolution)
Con: limits usable field size

70
Q

Type of timer that has simple clock system

A

Mechanical timer

71
Q

Where is the mechanical timer used

A

Portable dental units

72
Q

Precision device driving the shaft at _ rps

A

Synchronous timer
60 rps

73
Q

Why should the synchronous timer not be used for rapid exposure

A

Needs to reset after exposure

74
Q

Minimum exposure of synchronous timer

A

1/17 msec

75
Q

Most accurate, complicated, and sophisticated timer

A

Electronic timer

76
Q

What timer is used for rapid serial exposure

A

Electronic timer

77
Q

Determines intensity or number of x-ray

A

mAs timer

78
Q

Terminated exposure time when desired mAs is attained

A

mAs timer

79
Q

Measure quantity of radiation reaching the image receptor

A

Phototimer

80
Q

Other name for phototimer

A

Automatic Exposure control

81
Q

Terminates exposure when desired density is attained

A

Phototimer

82
Q

What is a critical component of phototimer

A

Photomultiplier sensing device

83
Q

What are the 3 STRUCTURES of x-ray tube

A

Support structure
Protective housing
Glass envelope

84
Q

A support structure that is frequently used

A

Ceiling support

85
Q

A support structure that has 2 rails mounted to the ceiling directly over the radiographic table

A

Ceiling support

86
Q

A support structure that has a single column with rollers attached at each end

A

Floor to ceiling support

87
Q

An alternative to column mount

A

Floor mount system

88
Q

It is mounted underneath the radiographic table

A

Fluoroscopy

89
Q

Used in hospitals for patients with critical conditions

A

Portable/mobile machine

90
Q

Term for patients that are unable to walk without assistance

A

Non-ambulatory

91
Q

C-shaped structure that provides flexible x-ray tube positioning and live imaging

A

C-ARM SUPPORT system

92
Q

Support system used in fluoroscopy

A

C-ARM SUPPORT system

93
Q

Protects radtech against electric shock

A

Protective housing

94
Q

Mechanical support for x-ray tube

A

Protective housing

95
Q

What is the purpose of oil in protective housing

A

Electrical insulator and thermal cushion

96
Q

X-ray that escapes the protective housing that is unnecessary for diagnostic imaging

A

Leakage radiation

97
Q

X-ray that is emitted through the window that emits isotropically

A

Useful beam / primary beam

98
Q

What is glass envelope made up of

A

Pyrex glass

99
Q

What does isotropically mean

A

Emit equal intensity in all directions

100
Q

Why is Pyrex glass used for glass envelope

A

Withstands extreme heat

101
Q

A portion of envelope that allows useful x-ray beam output from tube

A

Window

102
Q

A part of the glass envelope that minimizes radiation absorption

A

Window

103
Q

Why does the glass envelope contain a vacuum/ empty space inside?

A

Efficient x-ray production
Longer tube life

PHYS (3 decks)

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